Cppcheck report - cppcheck report: src/hooks/dhcp/mysql/mysql_host_data_source.cc

// Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#include <config.h>

#include <asiolink/io_service.h>
#include <database/db_exceptions.h>
#include <dhcp/libdhcp++.h>
#include <dhcp/option.h>
#include <dhcp/option_definition.h>
#include <dhcp/option_space.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cfg_db_access.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cfg_option.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cfgmgr.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/dhcpsrv_log.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/host_mgr.h>
#include <mysql_hb_log.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <mysql_host_data_source.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <dhcpsrv/timer_mgr.h>
#include <util/buffer.h>
#include <util/multi_threading_mgr.h>
#include <util/optional.h>

#include <boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/array.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/foreach.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/pointer_cast.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/static_assert.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

#include <mysql.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <mysqld_error.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <stdint.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

#include <mutex><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <string><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

using namespace isc;
using namespace isc::asiolink;
using namespace isc::db;
using namespace isc::dhcp;
using namespace isc::util;
using namespace isc::data;
using namespace std;

namespace {

/// @brief Numeric value representing last supported identifier.
///
/// This value is used to validate whether the identifier type stored in
/// a database is within bounds. of supported identifiers.
const uint8_t MAX_IDENTIFIER_TYPE = static_cast<uint8_t>(Host::LAST_IDENTIFIER_TYPE);

/// @brief This class provides mechanisms for sending and retrieving
/// information from the 'hosts' table.
///
/// This class is used to insert and retrieve entries from the 'hosts' table.
/// The queries used with this class do not retrieve IPv6 reservations or
/// options associated with a host to minimize impact on performance. Other
/// classes derived from @ref MySqlHostExchange should be used to retrieve
/// information about IPv6 reservations and options.
///
/// Database schema contains several unique indexes to guard against adding
/// multiple hosts for the same client identifier in a single subnet and for
/// adding multiple hosts with a reservation for the same IPv4 address in a
/// single subnet. The exceptions that have to be taken into account are
/// listed below:
/// - zero or null IPv4 address indicates that there is no reservation for the
///   IPv4 address for the host,
/// - zero or null subnet identifier (either IPv4 or IPv6) indicates that
///   this subnet identifier must be ignored. Specifically, this is the case
///   when host reservation is for the DHCPv4 server, the IPv6 subnet id should
///   be ignored. Conversely, when host reservation is created for the DHCPv6 server,
///   the IPv4 subnet id should be ignored.
///
/// To exclude those special case values from the unique indexes, the MySQL
/// backend relies on the property of the unique indexes in MySQL, i.e. null
/// values are excluded from unique indexes. That means that there might be
/// multiple null values in a given column on which unique index is applied.
/// Therefore, the MySQL backend converts subnet identifiers and IPv4 addresses
/// of 0 to null before inserting a host to the database.
class MySqlHostExchange {
private:
    /// @brief Column numbers for each column in the hosts table.
    /// These are used for both retrieving data and for looking up
    /// column labels for logging.  Note that their numeric order
    /// MUST match that of the column order in the hosts table.
    //@{
    static const size_t HOST_ID_COL = 0;
    static const size_t DHCP_IDENTIFIER_COL = 1;
    static const size_t DHCP_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_COL = 2;
    static const size_t DHCP4_SUBNET_ID_COL = 3;
    static const size_t DHCP6_SUBNET_ID_COL = 4;
    static const size_t IPV4_ADDRESS_COL = 5;
    static const size_t HOSTNAME_COL = 6;
    static const size_t DHCP4_CLIENT_CLASSES_COL = 7;
    static const size_t DHCP6_CLIENT_CLASSES_COL = 8;
    static const size_t USER_CONTEXT_COL = 9;
    static const size_t DHCP4_NEXT_SERVER_COL = 10;
    static const size_t DHCP4_SERVER_HOSTNAME_COL = 11;
    static const size_t DHCP4_BOOT_FILE_NAME_COL = 12;
    static const size_t AUTH_KEY_COL = 13;
    //@}
    /// @brief Number of columns returned for SELECT queries sent by this class.
    static const size_t HOST_COLUMNS = 14;

public:

    /// @brief Constructor
    ///
    /// @param additional_columns_num This value is set by the derived classes
    /// to indicate how many additional columns will be returned by SELECT
    /// queries performed by the derived class. This constructor will allocate
    /// resources for these columns, e.g. binding table, error indicators.
    MySqlHostExchange(const size_t additional_columns_num = 0)
<--- Class 'MySqlHostExchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'MySqlHostExchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : columns_num_(HOST_COLUMNS + additional_columns_num),
          bind_(columns_num_), columns_(columns_num_),
          error_(columns_num_, MLM_FALSE), host_id_(0),
          dhcp_identifier_length_(0), dhcp_identifier_type_(0),
          dhcp4_subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED),
          dhcp6_subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED), ipv4_address_(0),
          hostname_length_(0), dhcp4_client_classes_length_(0),
          dhcp6_client_classes_length_(0),
          user_context_length_(0),
          dhcp4_next_server_(0),
          dhcp4_server_hostname_length_(0),
          dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_(0),
          auth_key_length_(0),
          dhcp4_subnet_id_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp6_subnet_id_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          ipv4_address_null_(MLM_FALSE), hostname_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_client_classes_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp6_client_classes_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          user_context_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_next_server_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_server_hostname_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          auth_key_null_(MLM_FALSE) {

        // Fill arrays with 0 so as they don't include any garbage.
        memset(dhcp_identifier_buffer_, 0, sizeof(dhcp_identifier_buffer_));
        memset(hostname_, 0, sizeof(hostname_));
        memset(dhcp4_client_classes_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_client_classes_));
        memset(dhcp6_client_classes_, 0, sizeof(dhcp6_client_classes_));
        memset(user_context_, 0, sizeof(user_context_));
        memset(dhcp4_server_hostname_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_server_hostname_));
        memset(dhcp4_boot_file_name_, 0, sizeof(dhcp4_boot_file_name_));
        memset(auth_key_, 0, sizeof(auth_key_));

        // Set the column names for use by this class. This only comprises
        // names used by the MySqlHostExchange class. Derived classes will
        // need to set names for the columns they use.
        columns_[HOST_ID_COL] = "host_id";
        columns_[DHCP_IDENTIFIER_COL] = "dhcp_identifier";
        columns_[DHCP_IDENTIFIER_TYPE_COL] = "dhcp_identifier_type";
        columns_[DHCP4_SUBNET_ID_COL] = "dhcp4_subnet_id";
        columns_[DHCP6_SUBNET_ID_COL] = "dhcp6_subnet_id";
        columns_[IPV4_ADDRESS_COL] = "ipv4_address";
        columns_[HOSTNAME_COL] = "hostname";
        columns_[DHCP4_CLIENT_CLASSES_COL] = "dhcp4_client_classes";
        columns_[DHCP6_CLIENT_CLASSES_COL] = "dhcp6_client_classes";
        columns_[USER_CONTEXT_COL] = "user_context";
        columns_[DHCP4_NEXT_SERVER_COL] = "dhcp4_next_server";
        columns_[DHCP4_SERVER_HOSTNAME_COL] = "dhcp4_server_hostname";
        columns_[DHCP4_BOOT_FILE_NAME_COL] = "dhcp4_boot_file_name";
        columns_[AUTH_KEY_COL] = "auth_key";

        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(13 < HOST_COLUMNS);
    }

    /// @brief Virtual destructor.
    virtual ~MySqlHostExchange() {
    }

    /// @brief Returns index of the first uninitialized column name.
    ///
    /// This method is called by the derived classes to determine which
    /// column indexes are available for the derived classes within a
    /// binding array, error array and column names. This method
    /// determines the first available index by searching the first
    /// empty value within the columns_ vector. Previously we relied on
    /// the fixed values set for each class, but this was hard to maintain
    /// when new columns were added to the SELECT queries. It required
    /// modifying indexes in all derived classes.
    ///
    /// Derived classes must call this method in their constructors and
    /// use returned value as an index for the first column used by the
    /// derived class and increment this value for each subsequent column.
    size_t findAvailColumn() const {
        std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator empty_column =
            std::find(columns_.begin(), columns_.end(), std::string());
        return (std::distance(columns_.begin(), empty_column));
    }

    /// @brief Returns value of host id.
    ///
    /// This method is used by derived classes.
    uint64_t getHostId() const {
        return (host_id_);
    }

    /// @brief Set error indicators
    ///
    /// Sets the error indicator for each of the MYSQL_BIND elements. It points
    /// the "error" field within an element of the input array to the
    /// corresponding element of the passed error array.
    ///
    /// @param bind Array of BIND elements
    /// @param error Array of error elements.  If there is an error in getting
    ///        data associated with one of the "bind" elements, the
    ///        corresponding element in the error array is set to MLM_TRUE.
    static void setErrorIndicators(std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind,
                                   std::vector<my_bools>& error) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < error.size(); ++i) {
            error[i] = MLM_FALSE;
            bind[i].error = reinterpret_cast<my_bool*>(&error[i]);
        }
    }

    /// @brief Return columns in error
    ///
    /// If an error is returned from a fetch (in particular, a truncated
    /// status), this method can be called to get the names of the fields in
    /// error.  It returns a string comprising the names of the fields
    /// separated by commas.  In the case of there being no error indicators
    /// set, it returns the string "(None)".
    ///
    /// @param error Array of error elements.  An element is set to MLM_TRUE
    ///        if the corresponding column in the database is the source of
    ///        the error.
    /// @param names Array of column names, the same size as the error array.
    /// @param count Size of each of the arrays.
    static std::string getColumnsInError(std::vector<my_bools>& error,<--- Parameter 'error' can be declared as reference to const
                                         const std::vector<std::string>& names) {
        std::string result = "";

        // Accumulate list of column names
        for (size_t i = 0; i < names.size(); ++i) {
            if (error[i] == MLM_TRUE) {
                if (!result.empty()) {
                    result += ", ";
                }
                result += names[i];
            }
        }

        if (result.empty()) {
            result = "(None)";
        }

        return (result);
    }

    /// @brief Create MYSQL_BIND objects for Host Pointer
    ///
    /// Fills in the MYSQL_BIND array for sending data stored in the Host object
    /// to the database.
    ///
    /// @param host Host object to be added to the database.
    ///        None of the fields in the host reservation are modified -
    ///        the host data is only read.
    /// @param unique_ip boolean value indicating if multiple reservations for the
    ///        same IP address are allowed (false) or not (true).
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MySQL BIND objects representing the data to be added.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForSend(const HostPtr& host, const bool unique_ip) {
        // Store host object to ensure it remains valid.
        host_ = host;

        // Initialize prior to constructing the array of MYSQL_BIND structures.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach.
        memset(&bind_[0], 0, sizeof(MYSQL_BIND) * bind_.size());

        // Set up the structures for the various components of the host structure.

        try {
            // host_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            // The host_id is auto_incremented by MySQL database,
            // so we need to pass the NULL value
            host_id_ = 0;
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp_identifier : VARBINARY(255) NOT NULL
            dhcp_identifier_length_ = host->getIdentifier().size();
            memcpy(static_cast<void*>(dhcp_identifier_buffer_),
                   &(host->getIdentifier())[0],
                   host->getIdentifier().size());

            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind_[1].buffer = dhcp_identifier_buffer_;
            bind_[1].buffer_length = dhcp_identifier_length_;
            bind_[1].length = &dhcp_identifier_length_;

            // dhcp_identifier_type : TINYINT NOT NULL
            dhcp_identifier_type_ = static_cast<uint8_t>(host->getIdentifierType());
            bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp_identifier_type_);
            bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp4_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // Can't take an address of intermediate object, so let's store it
            // in dhcp4_subnet_id_
            dhcp4_subnet_id_ = host->getIPv4SubnetID();
            dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ = host->getIPv4SubnetID() == SUBNET_ID_UNUSED ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_subnet_id_);
            bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[3].is_null = &dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

            // dhcp6_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // Can't take an address of intermediate object, so let's store it
            // in dhcp6_subnet_id_
            dhcp6_subnet_id_ = host->getIPv6SubnetID();
            dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ = host->getIPv6SubnetID() == SUBNET_ID_UNUSED ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp6_subnet_id_);
            bind_[4].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[4].is_null = &dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

            // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // The address in the Host structure is an IOAddress object.  Convert
            // this to an integer for storage.
            ipv4_address_ = host->getIPv4Reservation().toUint32();
            ipv4_address_null_ = ipv4_address_ == 0 ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ipv4_address_);
            bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind_[5].is_null = &ipv4_address_null_;

            // hostname : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            strncpy(hostname_, host->getHostname().c_str(), HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            hostname_length_ = host->getHostname().length();
            bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
            bind_[6].buffer_length = hostname_length_;

            // dhcp4_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            // Override default separator to not include space after comma.
            string classes4_txt = host->getClientClasses4().toText(",");
            strncpy(dhcp4_client_classes_, classes4_txt.c_str(), CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[7].buffer = dhcp4_client_classes_;
            bind_[7].buffer_length = classes4_txt.length();

            // dhcp6_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
            bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            // Override default separator to not include space after comma.
            string classes6_txt = host->getClientClasses6().toText(",");
            strncpy(dhcp6_client_classes_, classes6_txt.c_str(), CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[8].buffer = dhcp6_client_classes_;
            bind_[8].buffer_length = classes6_txt.length();

            // user_context : TEXT NULL
            ConstElementPtr ctx = host->getContext();
            if (ctx) {
                bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                string ctx_txt = ctx->str();
                strncpy(user_context_, ctx_txt.c_str(), USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN - 1);
                bind_[9].buffer = user_context_;
                bind_[9].buffer_length = ctx_txt.length();
            } else {
                bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
            // The address in the Host structure is an IOAddress object.  Convert
            // this to an integer for storage.
            dhcp4_next_server_ = host->getNextServer().toUint32();
            bind_[10].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[10].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_next_server_);
            bind_[10].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            // bind_[10].is_null = &MLM_FALSE; // commented out for performance
                                               // reasons, see memset() above

            // dhcp4_server_hostname
            bind_[11].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string server_hostname = host->getServerHostname();
            strncpy(dhcp4_server_hostname_, server_hostname.c_str(),
                    SERVER_HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[11].buffer = dhcp4_server_hostname_;
            bind_[11].buffer_length = server_hostname.length();

            // dhcp4_boot_file_name
            bind_[12].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string boot_file_name = host->getBootFileName();
            strncpy(dhcp4_boot_file_name_, boot_file_name.c_str(),
                    BOOT_FILE_NAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
            bind_[12].buffer = dhcp4_boot_file_name_;
            bind_[12].buffer_length = boot_file_name.length();

            // auth key
            bind_[13].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            std::string auth_key = host->getKey().toText();
            std::strncpy(auth_key_, auth_key.c_str(), TEXT_AUTH_KEY_LEN - 1);
            auth_key_null_ = auth_key.empty() ? MLM_TRUE : MLM_FALSE;
            bind_[13].buffer = auth_key_;
            bind_[13].buffer_length = auth_key.length();

        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array from Host: "
                      << host->getHostname() << ", reason: " << ex.what());
        }

        // Add the data to the vector.
        std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> vec(bind_.begin(), bind_.begin() + HOST_COLUMNS);

        // When checking whether the IP is unique we need to bind the IPv4 address
        // at the end of the query as it has additional binding for the IPv4
        // address.
        if (unique_ip) {
            vec.push_back(bind_[5]); // ipv4_address
            vec.push_back(bind_[3]); // subnet_id
        }
        return (vec);
    }

    /// @brief Create BIND array to receive Host data.
    ///
    /// Creates a MYSQL_BIND array to receive Host data from the database.
    /// After data is successfully received, @ref retrieveHost can be called
    /// to retrieve the Host object.
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MYSQL_BIND objects representing data to be retrieved.
    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() {
        // Initialize MYSQL_BIND array.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach. For improved readability, the
        // code that explicitly sets is_null is there, but is commented out.
        // This also takes care of setting bind_[X].is_null to MLM_FALSE.
        memset(&bind_[0], 0, sizeof(MYSQL_BIND) * bind_.size());

        // host_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
        bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
        bind_[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // dhcp_identifier : VARBINARY(255) NOT NULL
        dhcp_identifier_length_ = sizeof(dhcp_identifier_buffer_);
        bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
        bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp_identifier_buffer_);
        bind_[1].buffer_length = dhcp_identifier_length_;
        bind_[1].length = &dhcp_identifier_length_;

        // dhcp_identifier_type : TINYINT NOT NULL
        bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp_identifier_type_);
        bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // dhcp4_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_subnet_id_);
        bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[3].is_null = &dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

        // dhcp6_subnet_id : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp6_subnet_id_);
        bind_[4].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[4].is_null = &dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

        // ipv4_address : INT UNSIGNED NULL
        ipv4_address_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ipv4_address_);
        bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[5].is_null = &ipv4_address_null_;

        // hostname : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        hostname_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        hostname_length_ = sizeof(hostname_);
        bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
        bind_[6].buffer_length = hostname_length_;
        bind_[6].length = &hostname_length_;
        bind_[6].is_null = &hostname_null_;

        // dhcp4_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        dhcp4_client_classes_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_client_classes_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_client_classes_);
        bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[7].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_client_classes_);
        bind_[7].buffer_length = dhcp4_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[7].length = &dhcp4_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[7].is_null = &dhcp4_client_classes_null_;

        // dhcp6_client_classes : VARCHAR(255) NULL
        dhcp6_client_classes_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp6_client_classes_length_ = sizeof(dhcp6_client_classes_);
        bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[8].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp6_client_classes_);
        bind_[8].buffer_length = dhcp6_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[8].length = &dhcp6_client_classes_length_;
        bind_[8].is_null = &dhcp6_client_classes_null_;

        // user_context : TEXT NULL
        user_context_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        user_context_length_ = sizeof(user_context_);
        bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[9].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(user_context_);
        bind_[9].buffer_length = user_context_length_;
        bind_[9].length = &user_context_length_;
        bind_[9].is_null = &user_context_null_;

        // dhcp4_next_server
        dhcp4_next_server_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[10].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[10].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dhcp4_next_server_);
        bind_[10].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[10].is_null = &dhcp4_next_server_null_;

        // dhcp4_server_hostname
        dhcp4_server_hostname_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_server_hostname_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_server_hostname_);
        bind_[11].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[11].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_server_hostname_);
        bind_[11].buffer_length = dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;
        bind_[11].length = &dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;
        bind_[11].is_null = &dhcp4_server_hostname_null_;

        // dhcp4_boot_file_name
        dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_ = sizeof(dhcp4_boot_file_name_);
        bind_[12].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[12].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dhcp4_boot_file_name_);
        bind_[12].buffer_length = dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;
        bind_[12].length = &dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;
        bind_[12].is_null = &dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_;

        // auth_key_
        auth_key_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        auth_key_length_ = sizeof(auth_key_);
        bind_[13].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
        bind_[13].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(auth_key_);
        bind_[13].buffer_length = auth_key_length_;
        bind_[13].length = &auth_key_length_;
        bind_[13].is_null = &auth_key_null_;

        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        // Add the data to the vector.  Note the end element is one after the
        // end of the array.
        return (bind_);
    }

    /// @brief Copy received data into Host object
    ///
    /// This function copies information about the host into a newly created
    /// @ref Host object. This method is called after @ref createBindForReceive.
    /// has been used.
    ///
    /// @return Host Pointer to a @ref HostPtr object holding a pointer to the
    /// @ref Host object returned.
    HostPtr retrieveHost() {
        // Check if the identifier stored in the database is correct.
        if (dhcp_identifier_type_ > MAX_IDENTIFIER_TYPE) {
            isc_throw(BadValue, "invalid dhcp identifier type returned: "
                      << static_cast<int>(dhcp_identifier_type_));
        }
        // Set the dhcp identifier type in a variable of the appropriate
        // data type.
        Host::IdentifierType type =
            static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(dhcp_identifier_type_);

        // Set DHCPv4 subnet ID to the value returned. If NULL returned,
        // set to 0.
        SubnetID ipv4_subnet_id(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);
        if (dhcp4_subnet_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv4_subnet_id = dhcp4_subnet_id_;
        }

        // Set DHCPv6 subnet ID to the value returned. If NULL returned,
        // set to 0.
        SubnetID ipv6_subnet_id(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);
        if (dhcp6_subnet_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv6_subnet_id = dhcp6_subnet_id_;
        }

        // Set IPv4 address reservation if it was given, if not, set IPv4 zero
        // address
        asiolink::IOAddress ipv4_reservation = asiolink::IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS();
        if (ipv4_address_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            ipv4_reservation = asiolink::IOAddress(ipv4_address_);
        }

        // Set hostname if non NULL value returned. Otherwise, leave an
        // empty string.
        std::string hostname;
        if (hostname_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            hostname = std::string(hostname_, hostname_length_);
        }

        // Set DHCPv4 client classes if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_client_classes;
        if (dhcp4_client_classes_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_client_classes = std::string(dhcp4_client_classes_,
                                               dhcp4_client_classes_length_);
        }

        // Set DHCPv6 client classes if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp6_client_classes;
        if (dhcp6_client_classes_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp6_client_classes = std::string(dhcp6_client_classes_,
                                               dhcp6_client_classes_length_);
        }

        // Convert user_context to string as well.
        std::string user_context;
        if (user_context_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            user_context_[user_context_length_] = '\0';
            user_context.assign(user_context_);
        }

        // Set next server value (siaddr) if non NULL value returned.
        asiolink::IOAddress next_server = asiolink::IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS();
        if (dhcp4_next_server_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            next_server = asiolink::IOAddress(dhcp4_next_server_);
        }

        // Set server hostname (sname) if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_server_hostname;
        if (dhcp4_server_hostname_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_server_hostname = std::string(dhcp4_server_hostname_,
                                                dhcp4_server_hostname_length_);
        }

        // Set boot file name (file) if non NULL value returned.
        std::string dhcp4_boot_file_name;
        if (dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            dhcp4_boot_file_name = std::string(dhcp4_boot_file_name_,
                                               dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_);
        }

        // Set the auth key if a non empty array is retrieved
        std::string auth_key;
        if (auth_key_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            auth_key = std::string(auth_key_, auth_key_length_);
        }

        // Create and return Host object from the data gathered.
        HostPtr h(new Host(dhcp_identifier_buffer_, dhcp_identifier_length_,
                           type, ipv4_subnet_id, ipv6_subnet_id, ipv4_reservation,
                           hostname, dhcp4_client_classes, dhcp6_client_classes,
                           next_server, dhcp4_server_hostname,
                           dhcp4_boot_file_name, AuthKey(auth_key)));
        h->setHostId(host_id_);

        // Set the user context if there is one.
        if (!user_context.empty()) {
            try {
                ConstElementPtr ctx = Element::fromJSON(user_context);
                if (!ctx || (ctx->getType() != Element::map)) {
                    isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                              << "' is not a JSON map");
                }
                h->setContext(ctx);
            } catch (const isc::data::JSONError& ex) {
                isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                          << "' is invalid JSON: " << ex.what());
            }
        }

        return (h);
    }

    /// @brief Processes one row of data fetched from a database.
    ///
    /// The processed data must contain host id, which uniquely identifies a
    /// host. This method creates a host and inserts it to the hosts collection
    /// only if the last inserted host has a different host id. This prevents
    /// adding duplicated hosts to the collection, assuming that processed
    /// rows are primarily ordered by host id column.
    ///
    /// This method must be overridden in the derived classes to also
    /// retrieve IPv6 reservations and DHCP options associated with a host.
    ///
    /// @param [out] hosts Collection of hosts to which a new host created
    ///        from the processed data should be inserted.
    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) {
        HostPtr host;
        // Add new host only if there are no hosts yet or the host id of the
        // most recently added host is different than the host id of the
        // currently processed host.
        if (hosts.empty() || (hosts.back()->getHostId() != getHostId())) {
            // Create Host object from the fetched data and append it to the
            // collection.
            host = retrieveHost();
            hosts.push_back(host);
        }
    }

    /// @brief Return columns in error
    ///
    /// If an error is returned from a fetch (in particular, a truncated
    /// status), this method can be called to get the names of the fields in
    /// error.  It returns a string comprising the names of the fields
    /// separated by commas.  In the case of there being no error indicators
    /// set, it returns the string "(None)".
    ///
    /// @return Comma-separated list of columns in error, or the string
    ///         "(None)".
    std::string getErrorColumns() {
        return (getColumnsInError(error_, columns_));
    }

protected:

    /// Number of columns returned in queries.
    size_t columns_num_;

    /// Vector of MySQL bindings.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind_;

    /// Column names.
    std::vector<std::string> columns_;

    /// Error array.
    std::vector<my_bools> error_;

    /// Pointer to Host object holding information to be inserted into
    /// Hosts table.
    HostPtr host_;

private:

    /// Host identifier (primary key in Hosts table).
    uint64_t host_id_;

    /// Buffer holding client's identifier (e.g. DUID, HW address)
    /// in the binary format.
    uint8_t dhcp_identifier_buffer_[ClientId::MAX_CLIENT_ID_LEN];

    /// Length of a data in the dhcp_identifier_buffer_.
    unsigned long dhcp_identifier_length_;

    /// Type of the identifier in the dhcp_identifier_buffer_. This
    /// value corresponds to the @ref Host::IdentifierType value.
    uint8_t dhcp_identifier_type_;

    /// DHCPv4 subnet identifier.
    uint32_t dhcp4_subnet_id_;

    /// DHCPv6 subnet identifier.
    uint32_t dhcp6_subnet_id_;

    /// Reserved IPv4 address.
    uint32_t ipv4_address_;

    /// Name reserved for the host.
    char hostname_[HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];

    /// Hostname length.
    unsigned long hostname_length_;

    /// A string holding comma separated list of DHCPv4 client classes.
    char dhcp4_client_classes_[CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN];

    /// A length of the string holding comma separated list of DHCPv4
    /// client classes.
    unsigned long dhcp4_client_classes_length_;

    /// A string holding comma separated list of DHCPv6 client classes.
    char dhcp6_client_classes_[CLIENT_CLASSES_MAX_LEN];

    /// A length of the string holding comma separated list of DHCPv6
    /// client classes.
    unsigned long dhcp6_client_classes_length_;

    /// @brief Buffer holding textual user context.
    char user_context_[USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN];

    /// @brief User context length.
    unsigned long user_context_length_;

    /// Next server address (siaddr).
    uint32_t dhcp4_next_server_;

    /// Server hostname (sname).
    char dhcp4_server_hostname_[SERVER_HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];

    /// A length of the string holding server hostname.
    unsigned long dhcp4_server_hostname_length_;

    /// Boot file name (file).
    char dhcp4_boot_file_name_[BOOT_FILE_NAME_MAX_LEN];

    /// A length of the string holding boot file name.
    unsigned long dhcp4_boot_file_name_length_;

    /// Authentication keys
    char auth_key_[TEXT_AUTH_KEY_LEN];

    /// The length of the string for holding keys
    unsigned long auth_key_length_;

    /// @name Boolean values indicating if values of specific columns in
    /// the database are NULL.
    //@{
    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of the DHCPv4 subnet is NULL.
    my_bool dhcp4_subnet_id_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of the DHCPv6 subnet is NULL.
    my_bool dhcp6_subnet_id_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of IPv4 reservation is NULL.
    my_bool ipv4_address_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value if hostname is NULL.
    my_bool hostname_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of DHCPv4 client classes is
    /// NULL.
    my_bool dhcp4_client_classes_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of DHCPv6 client classes is
    /// NULL.
    my_bool dhcp6_client_classes_null_;

    /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the value of user context is NULL.
    my_bool user_context_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of next server is NULL.
    my_bool dhcp4_next_server_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of server hostname is NULL.
    my_bool dhcp4_server_hostname_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of boot file name is NULL.
    my_bool dhcp4_boot_file_name_null_;

    /// Boolean flag indicating if the value of string is NULL.
    my_bool auth_key_null_;

    //@}
};

/// @brief Extends base exchange class with ability to retrieve DHCP options
/// from the 'dhcp4_options' and 'dhcp6_options' tables.
///
/// This class provides means to retrieve both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options
/// along with the host information. It is not used to retrieve IPv6
/// reservations. The following types of queries are supported:
/// - SELECT ? FROM hosts LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options ...
/// - SELECT ? FROM hosts LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options ...
/// - SELECT ? FROM hosts LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options ...
class MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange : public MySqlHostExchange {
private:

    /// @brief Number of columns holding DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 option information.
    static const size_t OPTION_COLUMNS = 8;

    /// @brief Receives DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 options information from the
    /// dhcp4_options or dhcp6_options tables respectively.
    ///
    /// The MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange class holds two respective instances
    /// of this class, one for receiving DHCPv4 options, one for receiving
    /// DHCPv6 options.
    ///
    /// The following are the basic functions of this class:
    /// - bind class members to specific columns in MySQL binding tables,
    /// - set DHCP options specific column names,
    /// - create instances of options retrieved from the database.
    ///
    /// The reason for isolating those functions in a separate C++ class is
    /// to prevent code duplication for handling DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options.
    class OptionProcessor {
    public:

        /// @brief Constructor.
        ///
        /// @param universe V4 or V6. The type of the options' instances
        /// created by this class depends on this parameter.
        /// @param start_column Index of the first column to be used by this
        /// class.
        OptionProcessor(const Option::Universe& universe,
                        const size_t start_column)
        : universe_(universe), start_column_(start_column), option_id_(0),
          code_(0), value_length_(0), formatted_value_length_(0),
          space_length_(0), persistent_(false), cancelled_(false),
          user_context_length_(0),
          option_id_null_(MLM_FALSE), code_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          value_null_(MLM_FALSE), formatted_value_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          space_null_(MLM_FALSE), user_context_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          option_id_index_(start_column), code_index_(start_column_ + 1),
          value_index_(start_column_ + 2),
          formatted_value_index_(start_column_ + 3),
          space_index_(start_column_ + 4),
          persistent_index_(start_column_ + 5),
          cancelled_index_(start_column_ + 6),
          user_context_index_(start_column_ + 7),
          most_recent_option_id_(0) {

            memset(value_, 0, sizeof(value_));
            memset(formatted_value_, 0, sizeof(formatted_value_));
            memset(space_, 0, sizeof(space_));
            memset(user_context_, 0, sizeof(user_context_));
        }

        /// @brief Returns identifier of the currently processed option.
        uint64_t getOptionId() const {
            if (option_id_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                return (option_id_);
            }
            return (0);
        }

        /// @brief Creates instance of the currently processed option.
        ///
        /// This method detects if the currently processed option is a new
        /// instance. It makes it determination by comparing the identifier
        /// of the currently processed option, with the most recently processed
        /// option. If the current value is greater than the id of the recently
        /// processed option it is assumed that the processed row holds new
        /// option information. In such case the option instance is created and
        /// inserted into the configuration passed as argument.
        ///
        /// @param cfg Pointer to the configuration object into which new
        /// option instances should be inserted.
        void retrieveOption(const CfgOptionPtr& cfg) {
            // option_id may be NULL if dhcp4_options or dhcp6_options table
            // doesn't contain any options for the particular host. Also, the
            // current option id must be greater than id if the most recent
            // option because options are ordered by option id. Otherwise
            // we assume that this is already processed option.
            if ((option_id_null_ == MLM_TRUE) ||
                (most_recent_option_id_ >= option_id_)) {
                return;
            }

            // Remember current option id as the most recent processed one. We
            // will be comparing it with option ids in subsequent rows.
            most_recent_option_id_ = option_id_;

            // Convert it to string object for easier comparison.
            std::string space;
            if (space_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                // Typically, the string values returned by the database are not
                // NULL terminated.
                space_[space_length_] = '\0';
                space.assign(space_);
            }

            // If empty or null space provided, use a default top level space.
            if (space.empty()) {
                space = (universe_ == Option::V4 ?
                         DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE : DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE);
            }

            // Convert formatted_value to string as well.
            std::string formatted_value;
            if (formatted_value_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                formatted_value_[formatted_value_length_] = '\0';
                formatted_value.assign(formatted_value_);
            }

            // Convert user_context to string as well.
            std::string user_context;
            if (user_context_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                user_context_[user_context_length_] = '\0';
                user_context.assign(user_context_);
            }

            // Options are held in a binary or textual format in the database.
            // This is similar to having an option specified in a server
            // configuration file. Such option is converted to appropriate C++
            // class, using option definition. Thus, we need to find the
            // option definition for this option code and option space.

            // Check if this is a standard option.
            OptionDefinitionPtr def = LibDHCP::getOptionDef(space, code_);

            // Otherwise, we may check if this an option encapsulated within the
            // vendor space.
            if (!def && (space != DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE) &&
                (space != DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE)) {
                uint32_t vendor_id = LibDHCP::optionSpaceToVendorId(space);
                if (vendor_id > 0) {
                    def = LibDHCP::getVendorOptionDef(universe_, vendor_id, code_);
                }
            }

            // In all other cases, we use runtime option definitions, which
            // should be also registered within the libdhcp++.
            if (!def) {
                def = LibDHCP::getRuntimeOptionDef(space, code_);
            }

            // Finish with a last resort option definition.
            if (!def) {
                def = LibDHCP::getLastResortOptionDef(space, code_);
            }

            OptionPtr option;

            // If no definition found, we use generic option type.
            if (!def) {
                // We have to pay attention if the value is NULL. If it is,
                // we must create an empty option instance. We can't rely on
                // the value_length_ because it may contain garbage for the
                // null values. Thus we check explicitly whether or not the
                // NULL flag is set.
                if (value_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
                    OptionBuffer buf(value_, value_ + value_length_);
                    option.reset(new Option(universe_, code_, buf.begin(),
                                            buf.end()));
                } else {
                    option.reset(new Option(universe_, code_));
                }
            } else {
                // The option value may be specified in textual or binary format
                // in the database. If formatted_value is empty, the binary
                // format is used. Depending on the format we use a different
                // variant of the optionFactory function.
                if (formatted_value.empty()) {
                    OptionBuffer buf(value_, value_ + value_length_);
                    // Again, check if the value is null before submitting the
                    // buffer to the factory function.
                    option = def->optionFactory(universe_, code_, buf.begin(),
                                                value_null_ == MLM_FALSE ? buf.end() :
                                                buf.begin());
                } else {
                    // Spit the value specified in comma separated values
                    // format.
                    std::vector<std::string> split_vec;
                    boost::split(split_vec, formatted_value, boost::is_any_of(","));
                    option = def->optionFactory(universe_, code_, split_vec);
                }
            }

            OptionDescriptor desc(option, persistent_, cancelled_,
                                  formatted_value);

            // Set the user context if there is one into the option descriptor.
            if (!user_context.empty()) {
                try {
                    ConstElementPtr ctx = Element::fromJSON(user_context);
                    if (!ctx || (ctx->getType() != Element::map)) {
                        isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                                  << "' is no a JSON map");
                    }
                    desc.setContext(ctx);
                } catch (const isc::data::JSONError& ex) {
                    isc_throw(BadValue, "user context '" << user_context
                              << "' is invalid JSON: " << ex.what());
                }
            }
            cfg->add(desc, space);
        }

        /// @brief Specify column names.
        ///
        /// @param [out] columns Reference to a vector holding names of option
        /// specific columns.
        void setColumnNames(std::vector<std::string>& columns) {
            columns[option_id_index_] = "option_id";
            columns[code_index_] = "code";
            columns[value_index_] = "value";
            columns[formatted_value_index_] = "formatted_value";
            columns[space_index_] = "space";
            columns[persistent_index_] = "persistent";
            columns[cancelled_index_] = "cancelled";
            columns[user_context_index_] = "user_context";
        }

        /// @brief Initialize binding table fields for options.
        ///
        /// Resets most_recent_option_id_ to 0 and other exchange members to
        /// default values.
        ///
        /// @param [out] bind Binding table.
        void setBindFields(std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind) {
            // This method is called just before making a new query, so we
            // reset the most_recent_option_id_ and other exchange members to
            // start over with options processing.
            most_recent_option_id_ = 0;

            option_id_ = 0;
            code_ = 0;
            persistent_ = false;
            cancelled_ = false;
            option_id_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
            code_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
            value_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
            formatted_value_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
            space_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
            user_context_null_ = MLM_FALSE;

            memset(value_, 0, sizeof(value_));
            memset(formatted_value_, 0, sizeof(formatted_value_));
            memset(space_, 0, sizeof(space_));
            memset(user_context_, 0, sizeof(user_context_));

            // option_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
            bind[option_id_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind[option_id_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&option_id_);
            bind[option_id_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind[option_id_index_].is_null = &option_id_null_;

            // code : TINYINT OR SHORT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            bind[code_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
            bind[code_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&code_);
            bind[code_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
            bind[code_index_].is_null = &code_null_;

            // value : BLOB NULL
            value_length_ = sizeof(value_);
            bind[value_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind[value_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(value_);
            bind[value_index_].buffer_length = value_length_;
            bind[value_index_].length = &value_length_;
            bind[value_index_].is_null = &value_null_;

            // formatted_value : TEXT NULL
            formatted_value_length_ = sizeof(formatted_value_);
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(formatted_value_);
            bind[formatted_value_index_].buffer_length = formatted_value_length_;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].length = &formatted_value_length_;
            bind[formatted_value_index_].is_null = &formatted_value_null_;

            // space : VARCHAR(128) NULL
            space_length_ = sizeof(space_);
            bind[space_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[space_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(space_);
            bind[space_index_].buffer_length = space_length_;
            bind[space_index_].length = &space_length_;
            bind[space_index_].is_null = &space_null_;

            // persistent : TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            bind[persistent_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind[persistent_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&persistent_);
            bind[persistent_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // cancelled : TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            bind[cancelled_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind[cancelled_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&cancelled_);
            bind[cancelled_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // user_context : TEXT NULL
            user_context_length_ = sizeof(user_context_);
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(user_context_);
            bind[user_context_index_].buffer_length = user_context_length_;
            bind[user_context_index_].length = &user_context_length_;
            bind[user_context_index_].is_null = &user_context_null_;
        }

    private:

        /// @brief Universe: V4 or V6.
        Option::Universe universe_;

        /// @brief Index of first column used by this class.
        size_t start_column_;

        /// @brief Option id.
        uint32_t option_id_;

        /// @brief Option code.
        uint16_t code_;

        /// @brief Buffer holding binary value of an option.
        uint8_t value_[OPTION_VALUE_MAX_LEN];

        /// @brief Option value length.
        unsigned long value_length_;

        /// @brief Buffer holding textual value of an option.
        char formatted_value_[OPTION_FORMATTED_VALUE_MAX_LEN];

        /// @brief Formatted option value length.
        unsigned long formatted_value_length_;

        /// @brief Buffer holding option space name.
        char space_[OPTION_SPACE_MAX_LEN];

        /// @brief Option space length.
        unsigned long space_length_;

        /// @brief Flag indicating if option is always sent or only if
        /// requested.
        bool persistent_;

        /// @brief Flag indicating if option must be never sent.
        bool cancelled_;

        /// @brief Buffer holding textual user context of an option.
        char user_context_[USER_CONTEXT_MAX_LEN];

        /// @brief User context length.
        unsigned long user_context_length_;

        /// @name Boolean values indicating if values of specific columns in
        /// the database are NULL.
        //@{
        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 option id is NULL.
        my_bool option_id_null_;

        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 option code is NULL.
        my_bool code_null_;

        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 option value is NULL.
        my_bool value_null_;

        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 formatted option value
        /// is NULL.
        my_bool formatted_value_null_;

        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 option space is NULL.
        my_bool space_null_;

        /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the DHCPv4 option user context is NULL.
        my_bool user_context_null_;
        //@}

        /// @name Indexes of the specific columns
        //@{
        /// @brief Option id
        size_t option_id_index_;

        /// @brief Code
        size_t code_index_;

        /// @brief Value
        size_t value_index_;

        /// @brief Formatted value
        size_t formatted_value_index_;

        /// @brief Space
        size_t space_index_;

        /// @brief Persistent
        size_t persistent_index_;

        /// @brief Cancelled
        size_t cancelled_index_;
        //@}

        /// @brief User context
        size_t user_context_index_;

        /// @brief Option id for last processed row.
        uint32_t most_recent_option_id_;
    };

    /// @brief Pointer to the @ref OptionProcessor class.
    typedef boost::shared_ptr<OptionProcessor> OptionProcessorPtr;

public:

    /// @brief DHCP option types to be fetched from the database.
    ///
    /// Supported types are:
    /// - Only DHCPv4 options,
    /// - Only DHCPv6 options,
    /// - Both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options.
    enum FetchedOptions {
        DHCP4_ONLY,
        DHCP6_ONLY,
        DHCP4_AND_DHCP6
    };

    /// @brief Constructor.
    ///
    /// @param fetched_options Specifies if DHCPv4, DHCPv6 or both should
    /// be fetched from the database for a host.
    /// @param additional_columns_num Number of additional columns for which
    /// resources should be allocated, e.g. binding table, column names etc.
    /// This parameter should be set to a non zero value by derived classes to
    /// allocate resources for the columns supported by derived classes.
    MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options,
<--- Class 'MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
                                 const size_t additional_columns_num = 0)
        : MySqlHostExchange(getRequiredColumnsNum(fetched_options)
                            + additional_columns_num),
          opt_proc4_(), opt_proc6_() {

        // Create option processor for DHCPv4 options, if required.
        if ((fetched_options == DHCP4_ONLY) ||
            (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6)) {
            opt_proc4_.reset(new OptionProcessor(Option::V4,
                                                 findAvailColumn()));
            opt_proc4_->setColumnNames(columns_);
        }

        // Create option processor for DHCPv6 options, if required.
        if ((fetched_options == DHCP6_ONLY) ||
            (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6)) {
            opt_proc6_.reset(new OptionProcessor(Option::V6,
                                                 findAvailColumn()));
            opt_proc6_->setColumnNames(columns_);
        }
    }

    /// @brief Processes the current row.
    ///
    /// The processed row includes both host information and DHCP option
    /// information. Because used SELECT query use LEFT JOIN clause, the
    /// some rows contain duplicated host or options entries. This method
    /// detects duplicated information and discards such entries.
    ///
    /// @param [out] hosts Container holding parsed hosts and options.
    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) override {
        // Holds pointer to the previously parsed host.
        HostPtr most_recent_host;
        if (!hosts.empty()) {
            // Const cast is not very elegant way to deal with it, but
            // there is a good reason to use it here. This method is called
            // to build a collection of const hosts to be returned to the
            // caller. If we wanted to use non-const collection we'd need
            // to copy the whole collection before returning it, which has
            // performance implications. Alternatively, we could store the
            // most recently added host in a class member but this would
            // make the code less readable.
            most_recent_host = boost::const_pointer_cast<Host>(hosts.back());
        }

        // If no host has been parsed yet or we're at the row holding next
        // host, we create a new host object and put it at the end of the
        // list.
        if (!most_recent_host || (most_recent_host->getHostId() < getHostId())) {
            HostPtr host = retrieveHost();
            hosts.push_back(host);
            most_recent_host = host;
        }

        // Parse DHCPv4 options if required to do so.
        if (opt_proc4_) {
            CfgOptionPtr cfg = most_recent_host->getCfgOption4();
            opt_proc4_->retrieveOption(cfg);
        }

        // Parse DHCPv6 options if required to do so.
        if (opt_proc6_) {
            CfgOptionPtr cfg = most_recent_host->getCfgOption6();
            opt_proc6_->retrieveOption(cfg);
        }
    }

    /// @brief Bind variables for receiving option data.
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MYSQL_BIND object representing data to be retrieved.
    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() override {
        // The following call sets bind_ values between 0 and 8.
        static_cast<void>(MySqlHostExchange::createBindForReceive());

        // Bind variables for DHCPv4 options.
        if (opt_proc4_) {
            opt_proc4_->setBindFields(bind_);
        }

        // Bind variables for DHCPv6 options.
        if (opt_proc6_) {
            opt_proc6_->setBindFields(bind_);
        }

        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        return (bind_);
    }

private:

    /// @brief Returns a number of columns required to retrieve option data.
    ///
    /// Depending if we need DHCPv4/DHCPv6 options only, or both DHCPv4 and
    /// DHCPv6 a different number of columns is required in the binding array.
    /// This method returns the number of required columns, according to the
    /// value of @c fetched_columns passed in the constructor.
    ///
    /// @param fetched_columns A value which specifies whether DHCPv4, DHCPv6 or
    /// both types of options should be retrieved.
    ///
    /// @return Number of required columns.
    static size_t getRequiredColumnsNum(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options) {
        return (fetched_options == DHCP4_AND_DHCP6 ? 2 * OPTION_COLUMNS :
                OPTION_COLUMNS);
    }

    /// @brief Pointer to DHCPv4 options processor.
    ///
    /// If this object is NULL, the DHCPv4 options are not fetched.
    OptionProcessorPtr opt_proc4_;

    /// @brief Pointer to DHCPv6 options processor.
    ///
    /// If this object is NULL, the DHCPv6 options are not fetched.
    OptionProcessorPtr opt_proc6_;
};

/// @brief This class provides mechanisms for sending and retrieving
/// host information, DHCPv4 options, DHCPv6 options and IPv6 reservations.
///
/// This class extends the @ref MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange class with the
/// mechanisms to retrieve IPv6 reservations. This class is used in situations
/// when it is desired to retrieve DHCPv6 specific information about the host
/// (DHCPv6 options and reservations), or entire information about the host
/// (DHCPv4 options, DHCPv6 options and reservations). The following are the
/// queries used with this class:
/// - SELECT ? FROM hosts LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options
///   LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations ...
/// - SELECT ? FROM hosts LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations ..
class MySqlHostIPv6Exchange : public MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange {
private:

    /// @brief Number of columns holding IPv6 reservation information.
    static const size_t RESERVATION_COLUMNS = 7;

public:

    /// @brief Constructor.
    ///
    /// Apart from initializing the base class data structures it also
    /// initializes values representing IPv6 reservation information.
    MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(const FetchedOptions& fetched_options)
<--- Class 'MySqlHostIPv6Exchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'MySqlHostIPv6Exchange' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(fetched_options, RESERVATION_COLUMNS),
          reservation_id_(0),
          reserv_type_(0), reserv_type_null_(MLM_FALSE),
          ipv6_address_buffer_len_(0),
          excluded_prefix_null_(MLM_FALSE), excluded_prefix_buffer_len_(0),
          prefix_len_(0), iaid_(0),
          excluded_prefix_len_(0),
          reservation_id_index_(findAvailColumn()),
          address_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 1),
          prefix_len_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 2),
          type_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 3),
          iaid_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 4),
          excluded_prefix_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 5),
          excluded_prefix_len_index_(reservation_id_index_ + 6),
          most_recent_reservation_id_(0) {

        memset(ipv6_address_buffer_, 0, sizeof(ipv6_address_buffer_));
        memset(excluded_prefix_buffer_, 0, sizeof(excluded_prefix_buffer_));

        // Provide names of additional columns returned by the queries.
        columns_[reservation_id_index_] = "reservation_id";
        columns_[address_index_] = "address";
        columns_[prefix_len_index_] = "prefix_len";
        columns_[type_index_] = "type";
        columns_[iaid_index_] = "dhcp6_iaid";
        columns_[excluded_prefix_index_] = "excluded_prefix";
        columns_[excluded_prefix_len_index_] = "excluded_prefix_len";
    }

    /// @brief Returns last fetched reservation id.
    ///
    /// @return Reservation id or 0 if no reservation data is fetched.
    uint32_t getReservationId() const {
        if (reserv_type_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            return (reservation_id_);
        }
        return (0);
    }

    /// @brief Creates IPv6 reservation from the data contained in the
    /// currently processed row.
    ///
    /// Called after the MYSQL_BIND array created by createBindForReceive().
    ///
    /// @return IPv6Resrv object (containing IPv6 address or prefix reservation)
    IPv6Resrv retrieveReservation() {
        // Set the IPv6 Reservation type (0 = IA_NA, 2 = IA_PD)
        IPv6Resrv::Type type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA;

        switch (reserv_type_) {
        case 0:
            type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA;
            break;

        case 2:
            type = IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD;
            break;

        default:
            isc_throw(BadValue,
                      "invalid IPv6 reservation type returned: "
                      << static_cast<int>(reserv_type_)
                      << ". Only 0 or 2 are allowed.");
        }

        IOAddress addr6 = IOAddress::fromBytes(AF_INET6, ipv6_address_buffer_);
        IPv6Resrv r(type, addr6, prefix_len_);

        if (excluded_prefix_null_ == MLM_FALSE) {
            IOAddress prefix =
                IOAddress::fromBytes(AF_INET6, excluded_prefix_buffer_);
            r.setPDExclude(prefix, excluded_prefix_len_);
        }

        return (r);
    }

    /// @brief Processes one row of data fetched from a database.
    ///
    /// The processed data must contain host id, which uniquely identifies a
    /// host. This method creates a host and inserts it to the hosts collection
    /// only if the last inserted host has a different host id. This prevents
    /// adding duplicated hosts to the collection, assuming that processed
    /// rows are primarily ordered by host id column.
    ///
    /// Depending on the value of the @c fetched_options specified in the
    /// constructor, this method also parses options returned as a result
    /// of SELECT queries.
    ///
    /// For any returned row which contains IPv6 reservation information it
    /// checks if the reservation is not a duplicate of previously parsed
    /// reservation and appends the IPv6Resrv object into the host object
    /// if the parsed row contains new reservation information.
    ///
    /// @param [out] hosts Collection of hosts to which a new host created
    ///        from the processed data should be inserted.
    virtual void processFetchedData(ConstHostCollection& hosts) override {

        // Call parent class to fetch host information and options.
        MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::processFetchedData(hosts);

        if (getReservationId() == 0) {<--- Assuming that condition 'getReservationId()==0' is not redundant
            return;
        }

        if (hosts.empty()) {<--- Assuming condition is false
            isc_throw(Unexpected, "no host information while retrieving"
                      " IPv6 reservation");
        }
        HostPtr host = boost::const_pointer_cast<Host>(hosts.back());

        // If we're dealing with a new reservation, let's add it to the
        // host.
        if (getReservationId() > most_recent_reservation_id_) {
            most_recent_reservation_id_ = getReservationId();<--- Assignment 'most_recent_reservation_id_=getReservationId()', assigned value is greater than 0

            if (most_recent_reservation_id_ > 0) {<--- Condition 'most_recent_reservation_id_>0' is always true
                host->addReservation(retrieveReservation());
            }
        }
    }

    /// @brief Create BIND array to receive Host data with IPv6 reservations.
    ///
    /// Creates a MYSQL_BIND array to receive Host data from the database.
    /// After data is successfully received, @ref processedFetchedData is
    /// called for each returned row to build collection of @ref Host
    /// objects with associated IPv6 reservations.
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MYSQL_BIND objects representing data to be retrieved.
    virtual std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForReceive() override {
        // Reset most recent reservation id value because we're now making
        // a new SELECT query.
        most_recent_reservation_id_ = 0;

        // Bind values supported by parent classes.
        static_cast<void>(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::createBindForReceive());

        // reservation_id : INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&reservation_id_);
        bind_[reservation_id_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // IPv6 address/prefix BINARY(16)
        ipv6_address_buffer_len_ = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
        bind_[address_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
        bind_[address_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(ipv6_address_buffer_);
        bind_[address_index_].buffer_length = ipv6_address_buffer_len_;
        bind_[address_index_].length = &ipv6_address_buffer_len_;

        // prefix_len : TINYINT
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&prefix_len_);
        bind_[prefix_len_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // (reservation) type : TINYINT
        reserv_type_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        bind_[type_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[type_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&reserv_type_);
        bind_[type_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;
        bind_[type_index_].is_null = &reserv_type_null_;

        // dhcp6_iaid INT UNSIGNED
        bind_[iaid_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        bind_[iaid_index_].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&iaid_);
        bind_[iaid_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // excluded_prefix BINARY(16)
        excluded_prefix_null_ = MLM_FALSE;
        excluded_prefix_buffer_len_ = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
        bind_[excluded_prefix_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
        bind_[excluded_prefix_index_].buffer =
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(excluded_prefix_buffer_);
        bind_[excluded_prefix_index_].buffer_length = excluded_prefix_buffer_len_;
        bind_[excluded_prefix_index_].length = &excluded_prefix_buffer_len_;
        bind_[excluded_prefix_index_].is_null = &excluded_prefix_null_;

        // excluded_prefix_len : TINYINT
        bind_[excluded_prefix_len_index_].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
        bind_[excluded_prefix_len_index_].buffer =
            reinterpret_cast<char*>(&excluded_prefix_len_);
        bind_[excluded_prefix_len_index_].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        // Add the error flags
        setErrorIndicators(bind_, error_);

        return (bind_);
    }

private:

    /// @brief IPv6 reservation id.
    uint32_t reservation_id_;

    /// @brief IPv6 reservation type.
    uint8_t reserv_type_;

    /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if reservation type field is null.
    ///
    /// This flag is used by the class to determine if the returned row
    /// contains IPv6 reservation information.
    my_bool reserv_type_null_;

    /// @brief Buffer holding IPv6 address/prefix in textual format.
    uint8_t ipv6_address_buffer_[isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN];

    /// @brief Length of the textual address representation.
    unsigned long ipv6_address_buffer_len_;

    /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if excluded prefix field is null.
    my_bool excluded_prefix_null_;

    /// @brief Buffer holding excluded prefix in textual format.
    uint8_t excluded_prefix_buffer_[isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN];

    /// @brief Length of the excluded prefix.
    unsigned long excluded_prefix_buffer_len_;

    /// @brief Length of the prefix (128 for addresses)
    uint8_t prefix_len_;

    /// @brief IAID.
    uint32_t iaid_;

    /// @brief Length of the excluded prefix (default 0)
    uint8_t excluded_prefix_len_;

    /// @name Indexes of columns holding information about IPv6 reservations.
    //@{
    /// @brief Index of reservation_id column.
    size_t reservation_id_index_;

    /// @brief Index of address column.
    size_t address_index_;

    /// @brief Index of prefix_len column.
    size_t prefix_len_index_;

    /// @brief Index of type column.
    size_t type_index_;

    /// @brief Index of IAID column.
    size_t iaid_index_;

    /// @brief Index of excluded_prefix column.
    size_t excluded_prefix_index_;

    /// @brief Index of excluded_prefix_len column.
    size_t excluded_prefix_len_index_;

    //@}

    /// @brief Reservation id for last processed row.
    uint32_t most_recent_reservation_id_;
};

/// @brief This class is used for storing IPv6 reservations in a MySQL database.
///
/// This class is only used to insert IPv6 reservations into the
/// ipv6_reservations table. It is not used to retrieve IPv6 reservations. To
/// retrieve IPv6 reservation the @ref MySqlHostIPv6Exchange class should be
/// used instead.
///
/// When a new IPv6 reservation is inserted into the database, an appropriate
/// host must be defined in the hosts table. An attempt to insert IPv6
/// reservation for non-existing host will result in failure.
class MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange {
private:

    /// @brief Set number of columns for ipv6_reservation table.
    static const size_t RESRV_COLUMNS = 8;

public:

    /// @brief Constructor
    ///
    /// Initialize class members representing a single IPv6 reservation.
    MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange()
<--- Member variable 'MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange::addr6_length_' is not initialized in the constructor. [+]
Member variable 'MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange::addr6_length_' is not initialized in the constructor. Member variables of native types, pointers, or references are left uninitialized when the class is instantiated. That may cause bugs or undefined behavior.
<--- Member variable 'MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange::excluded_prefix_length_' is not initialized in the constructor. [+]
Member variable 'MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange::excluded_prefix_length_' is not initialized in the constructor. Member variables of native types, pointers, or references are left uninitialized when the class is instantiated. That may cause bugs or undefined behavior.
        : host_id_(0), prefix_len_(0), type_(0), iaid_(0),
          resv_(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, asiolink::IOAddress("::"), 128),
          excluded_prefix_len_(0) {

        // Reset error table.
        std::fill(&error_[0], &error_[RESRV_COLUMNS], MLM_FALSE);

        // Set the column names (for error messages)
        columns_[0] = "host_id";
        columns_[1] = "address";
        columns_[2] = "prefix_len";
        columns_[3] = "type";
        columns_[4] = "dhcp6_iaid";
        columns_[5] = "excluded_prefix";
        columns_[6] = "excluded_prefix_len";

        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(6 < RESRV_COLUMNS);
    }

    /// @brief Create MYSQL_BIND objects for IPv6 Reservation.
    ///
    /// Fills in the MYSQL_BIND array for sending data in the IPv6 Reservation
    /// object to the database.
    ///
    /// @param resv An object representing IPv6 reservation which will be
    ///        sent to the database.
    ///        None of the fields in the reservation are modified -
    ///        the reservation data is only read.
    /// @param id ID of a host owning this reservation
    /// @param unique_ip boolean value indicating if multiple reservations for the
    ///        same IP address are allowed (false) or not (true).
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MySQL BIND objects representing the data to be added.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForSend(const IPv6Resrv& resv,
                                              const HostID& id,
                                              const bool unique_ip) {

        // Store the values to ensure they remain valid.
        resv_ = resv;
        host_id_ = id;

        // Initialize prior to constructing the array of MYSQL_BIND structures.
        // It sets all fields, including is_null, to zero, so we need to set
        // is_null only if it should be true. This gives up minor performance
        // benefit while being safe approach. For improved readability, the
        // code that explicitly sets is_null is there, but is commented out.
        memset(bind_, 0, sizeof(bind_));

        // Set up the structures for the various components of the host structure.

        try {
            addr6_ = resv.getPrefix().toBytes();
            if (addr6_.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
                isc_throw(DbOperationError, "createBindForSend() - prefix is not "
                          << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
            }

            addr6_length_ = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
            bind_[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6_[0]);
            bind_[0].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
            bind_[0].length = &addr6_length_;

            // prefix_len tinyint
            prefix_len_ = resv.getPrefixLen();
            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&prefix_len_);
            bind_[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // type tinyint
            // See lease6_types for values (0 = IA_NA, 1 = IA_TA, 2 = IA_PD)
            type_ = resv.getType() == IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA ? 0 : 2;
            bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&type_);
            bind_[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // dhcp6_iaid INT UNSIGNED
            /// @todo: We don't support iaid in the IPv6Resrv yet.
            iaid_ = 0;
            bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[3].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&iaid_);
            bind_[3].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // excluded_prefix BINARY(16) NULL
            Option6PDExcludePtr opt = resv.getPDExclude();
            IOAddress excluded_prefix("::");
            if (opt) {
                excluded_prefix = opt->getExcludedPrefix(resv.getPrefix(),
                                                         resv.getPrefixLen());
                excluded_prefix_ = excluded_prefix.toBytes();
                if (excluded_prefix_.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
                    isc_throw(DbOperationError, "createBindForSend() - "
                              << "excluded prefix is not "
                              << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN
                              << " bytes long");
                }
                excluded_prefix_length_ = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
                bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
                bind_[4].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&excluded_prefix_[0]);
                bind_[4].buffer_length = excluded_prefix_length_;
                bind_[4].length = &excluded_prefix_length_;
                excluded_prefix_len_ = opt->getExcludedPrefixLength();
            } else {
                bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
                excluded_prefix_len_ = 0;
            }

            // excluded_prefix_len TINYINT UNSIGNED
            bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&excluded_prefix_len_);
            bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // host_id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[6].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array from IPv6 Reservation: "
                      << resv_.toText() << ", reason: " << ex.what());
        }

        // Add the data to the vector.  Note the end element is one after the
        // end of the array.
        // RESRV_COLUMNS -1 as we do not set reservation_id.
        std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> vec(&bind_[0], &bind_[RESRV_COLUMNS-1]);

        // When checking whether the IP is unique we need to bind the IPv6 address
        // and prefix length at the end of the query as it has additional binding
        // for the IPv6 address and prefix length.
        if (unique_ip) {
            vec.push_back(bind_[0]); // address
            vec.push_back(bind_[1]); // prefix_len
        }

        return (vec);
    }

private:

    /// @brief Host unique identifier.
    uint64_t host_id_;

    /// @brief Length of the prefix (128 for addresses).
    uint8_t prefix_len_;

    /// @brief Reservation type.
    uint8_t type_;

    /// @brief IAID.
    uint8_t iaid_;

    /// @brief Object holding reservation being sent to the database.
    IPv6Resrv resv_;

    /// @brief Array of MySQL bindings.
    MYSQL_BIND bind_[RESRV_COLUMNS];

    /// @brief Array of strings holding columns names.
    std::string columns_[RESRV_COLUMNS];

    /// @brief Array of boolean values indicating if error occurred
    /// for respective columns.
    my_bool error_[RESRV_COLUMNS];

    /// @brief Binary address data.
    std::vector<uint8_t> addr6_;

    /// @brief Binary address length.
    unsigned long addr6_length_;

    /// @brief Binary excluded prefix data.
    std::vector<uint8_t> excluded_prefix_;

    /// @brief Binary excluded prefix length.
    unsigned long excluded_prefix_length_;

    /// @brief Excluded prefix length.
    uint8_t excluded_prefix_len_;
};

/// @brief This class is used for inserting options into a database.
///
/// This class supports inserting both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options.
class MySqlOptionExchange {
    /// @brief Number of columns in the option tables holding bindable values.
    static const size_t OPTION_COLUMNS = 10;<--- 'OPTION_COLUMNS' is assigned value '10' here.

public:

    /// @brief Constructor.
    MySqlOptionExchange()
        : type_(0), value_len_(0), formatted_value_len_(0), space_(),
          space_len_(0), persistent_(false), cancelled_(false),
          user_context_(), user_context_len_(0), subnet_id_(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED),
          host_id_(0), option_() {

        BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(10 <= OPTION_COLUMNS);
<--- The comparison '10 <= OPTION_COLUMNS' is always true. [+]
Finding the same expression on both sides of an operator is suspicious and might indicate a cut and paste or logic error. Please examine this code carefully to determine if it is correct.
    }

    /// @brief Creates binding array to insert option data into database.
    ///
    /// @return Vector of MYSQL_BIND object representing an option.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> createBindForSend(const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                                              const std::string& opt_space,
                                              const Optional<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                                              const HostID& host_id) {

        // Hold pointer to the option to make sure it remains valid until
        // we complete a query.
        option_ = opt_desc.option_;

        memset(bind_, 0, sizeof(bind_));

        try {
            // option_id: INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            // The option_id is auto_incremented, so we need to pass the NULL
            // value.
            bind_[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;

            // code: SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            type_ = option_->getType();
            bind_[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
            bind_[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&type_);
            bind_[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // value: BLOB NULL
            if (opt_desc.formatted_value_.empty() &&
                (opt_desc.option_->len() > opt_desc.option_->getHeaderLen())) {
                // The formatted_value is empty and the option value is
                // non-empty so we need to prepare on-wire format for the
                // option and store it in the database as a blob.
                OutputBuffer buf(opt_desc.option_->len());
                opt_desc.option_->pack(buf);
                const uint8_t* buf_ptr = buf.getData();
                value_.assign(buf_ptr + opt_desc.option_->getHeaderLen(),
                              buf_ptr + buf.getLength());
                value_len_ = value_.size();
                bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
                bind_[2].buffer = &value_[0];
                bind_[2].buffer_length = value_len_;
                bind_[2].length = &value_len_;

            } else {
                // No value or formatted_value specified. In this case, the
                // value blob is NULL.
                value_.clear();
                bind_[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // formatted_value: TEXT NULL,
            if (!opt_desc.formatted_value_.empty()) {
                formatted_value_len_ = opt_desc.formatted_value_.size();
                bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                bind_[3].buffer = const_cast<char*>(opt_desc.formatted_value_.c_str());
                bind_[3].buffer_length = formatted_value_len_;
                bind_[3].length = &formatted_value_len_;

            } else {
                bind_[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // space: VARCHAR(128) NULL
            space_ = opt_space;
            space_len_ = space_.size();
            bind_[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
            bind_[4].buffer = const_cast<char*>(space_.c_str());
            bind_[4].buffer_length = space_len_;
            bind_[4].length = &space_len_;

            // persistent: TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            persistent_ = opt_desc.persistent_;
            bind_[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[5].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&persistent_);
            bind_[5].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // cancelled: TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
            cancelled_ = opt_desc.cancelled_;
            bind_[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
            bind_[6].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&cancelled_);
            bind_[6].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            // user_context: TEST NULL,
            ConstElementPtr ctx = opt_desc.getContext();
            if (ctx) {
                user_context_ = ctx->str();
                user_context_len_ = user_context_.size();
                bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
                bind_[7].buffer = const_cast<char*>(user_context_.c_str());
                bind_[7].buffer_length = user_context_len_;
                bind_[7].length = &user_context_len_;
            } else {
                bind_[7].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // dhcp4_subnet_id: INT UNSIGNED NULL
            if (!subnet_id.unspecified()) {
                subnet_id_ = subnet_id;
                bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
                bind_[8].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(subnet_id_);
                bind_[8].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

            } else {
                bind_[8].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_NULL;
            }

            // host_id: INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL
            host_id_ = host_id;
            bind_[9].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
            bind_[9].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id_);
            bind_[9].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
            isc_throw(DbOperationError,
                      "Could not create bind array for inserting DHCP "
                      "option: " << option_->toText() << ", reason: "
                      << ex.what());
        }

        return (std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>(&bind_[0], &bind_[OPTION_COLUMNS]));
    }

private:

    /// @brief Option type.
    uint16_t type_;

    /// @brief Option value as binary.
    std::vector<uint8_t> value_;

    /// @brief Option value length.
    unsigned long value_len_;

    /// @brief Formatted option value length.
    unsigned long formatted_value_len_;

    /// @brief Option space name.
    std::string space_;

    /// @brief Option space name length.
    unsigned long space_len_;

    /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the option is always returned to
    /// a client or only when requested.
    bool persistent_;

    /// @brief Boolean flag indicating if the option must be never returned
    /// to a client.
    bool cancelled_;

    /// @brief User context.
    std::string user_context_;

    /// @brief User context length.
    unsigned long user_context_len_;

    /// @brief Subnet identifier.
    uint32_t subnet_id_;

    /// @brief Host identifier.
    uint32_t host_id_;

    /// @brief Pointer to currently parsed option.
    OptionPtr option_;

    /// @brief Array of MYSQL_BIND elements representing inserted data.
    MYSQL_BIND bind_[OPTION_COLUMNS];
};

}  // namespace

namespace isc {
namespace dhcp {

/// @brief MySQL Host Context
///
/// This class stores the thread context for the manager pool.
/// The class is needed by all get/update/delete functions which must use one
/// or more exchanges to perform database operations.
/// Each context provides a set of such exchanges for each thread.
/// The context instances are lazy initialized by the requesting thread by using
/// the manager's createContext function and are destroyed when the manager's
/// pool instance is destroyed.
class MySqlHostContext {
public:

    /// @brief Constructor
    ///
    /// @param parameters See MySqlHostMgr constructor.
    /// @param io_service_accessor The IOService accessor function.
    /// @param db_reconnect_callback The connection recovery callback.
    MySqlHostContext(const DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters,
                     IOServiceAccessorPtr io_service_accessor,
                     db::DbCallback db_reconnect_callback);

    /// The exchange objects are used for transfer of data to/from the database.
    /// They are pointed-to objects as the contents may change in "const" calls,
    /// while the rest of this object does not.  (At alternative would be to
    /// declare them as "mutable".)

    /// @brief Pointer to an object representing an exchange which can
    /// be used to retrieve hosts and DHCPv4 options.
    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange> host_ipv4_exchange_;

    /// @brief Pointer to an object representing an exchange which can
    /// be used to retrieve hosts, DHCPv6 options and IPv6 reservations.
    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostIPv6Exchange> host_ipv6_exchange_;

    /// @brief Pointer to an object representing an exchange which can
    /// be used to retrieve hosts, DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 options, and
    /// IPv6 reservations using a single query.
    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostIPv6Exchange> host_ipv46_exchange_;

    /// @brief Pointer to an object representing an exchange which can
    /// be used to insert new IPv6 reservation.
    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange> host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_;

    /// @brief Pointer to an object representing an exchange which can
    /// be used to insert DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 option into dhcp4_options
    /// or dhcp6_options table.
    boost::shared_ptr<MySqlOptionExchange> host_option_exchange_;

    /// @brief MySQL connection
    MySqlConnection conn_;

    /// @brief Indicates if the database is opened in read only mode.
    bool is_readonly_;
};

/// @brief MySQL Host Context Pool
///
/// This class provides a pool of contexts.
/// The manager will use this class to handle available contexts.
/// There is only one ContextPool per manager per back-end, which is created
/// and destroyed by the respective manager factory class.
class MySqlHostContextPool {
public:

    /// @brief The vector of available contexts.
    std::vector<MySqlHostContextPtr> pool_;

    /// @brief The mutex to protect pool access.
    std::mutex mutex_;
};

/// @brief Type of pointers to context pools.
typedef boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostContextPool> MySqlHostContextPoolPtr;

/// @brief Implementation of the @ref MySqlHostDataSource.
class MySqlHostDataSourceImpl {
public:

    /// @brief Statement Tags
    ///
    /// The contents of the enum are indexes into the list of SQL statements.
    /// It is assumed that the order is such that the indices of statements
    /// reading the database are less than those of statements modifying the
    /// database.
    /// @note: please add new statements doing read only operations before
    /// the WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN position.
    enum StatementIndex {
        GET_HOST_DHCPID,           // Gets hosts by host identifier
        GET_HOST_ADDR,             // Gets hosts by IPv4 address
        GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID,    // Gets host by IPv4 SubnetID, HW address/DUID
        GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID,    // Gets host by IPv6 SubnetID, HW address/DUID
        GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR,       // Gets host by IPv4 SubnetID and IPv4 address
        GET_HOST_PREFIX,           // Gets host by IPv6 prefix
        GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR,      // Gets host by IPv6 SubnetID and IPv6 prefix
        GET_HOST_ADDR6,            // Gets hosts by IPv6 address/prefix
        GET_HOST_SUBID4,           // Gets hosts by IPv4 SubnetID
        GET_HOST_SUBID6,           // Gets hosts by IPv6 SubnetID
        GET_HOST_HOSTNAME,         // Gets hosts by hostname
        GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID4,  // Gets hosts by hostname and IPv4 SubnetID
        GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID6,  // Gets hosts by hostname and IPv6 SubnetID
        GET_HOST_SUBID4_PAGE,      // Gets hosts by IPv4 SubnetID beginning by HID
        GET_HOST_SUBID6_PAGE,      // Gets hosts by IPv6 SubnetID beginning by HID
        GET_HOST_PAGE4,            // Gets v4 hosts beginning by HID
        GET_HOST_PAGE6,            // Gets v6 hosts beginning by HID
        INSERT_HOST_NON_UNIQUE_IP, // Insert new host to collection with allowing IP duplicates
        INSERT_HOST_UNIQUE_IP,     // Insert new host to collection with checking for IP duplicates
        INSERT_V6_RESRV_NON_UNIQUE,// Insert v6 reservation without checking that it is unique
        INSERT_V6_RESRV_UNIQUE,    // Insert v6 reservation with checking that it is unique
        INSERT_V4_HOST_OPTION,     // Insert DHCPv4 option
        INSERT_V6_HOST_OPTION,     // Insert DHCPv6 option
        DEL_HOST_ADDR4,            // Delete v4 host (subnet-id, addr4)
        DEL_HOST_ADDR6,            // Delete v6 host (subnet-id, addr6)
        DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID,        // Delete v4 host (subnet-id, ident.type, identifier)
        DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID,        // Delete v6 host (subnet-id, ident.type, identifier)
        NUM_STATEMENTS             // Number of statements
    };

    /// @brief Index of first statement performing write to the database.
    ///
    /// This value is used to mark border line between queries and other
    /// statements and statements performing write operation on the database,
    /// such as INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE.
    static const StatementIndex WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN = INSERT_HOST_NON_UNIQUE_IP;

    /// @brief Constructor.
    ///
    /// This constructor opens database connection and initializes prepared
    /// statements used in the queries.
    MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(const DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters);
<--- Class 'MySqlHostDataSourceImpl' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'MySqlHostDataSourceImpl' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.

    /// @brief Destructor.
    ~MySqlHostDataSourceImpl();

    /// @brief Attempts to reconnect the server to the host DB backend manager.
    ///
    /// This is a self-rescheduling function that attempts to reconnect to the
    /// server's host DB backends after connectivity to one or more have been
    /// lost. Upon entry it will attempt to reconnect via
    /// @ref HostDataSourceFactory::add.
    /// If this is successful, DHCP servicing is re-enabled and server returns
    /// to normal operation.
    ///
    /// If reconnection fails and the maximum number of retries has not been
    /// exhausted, it will schedule a call to itself to occur at the
    /// configured retry interval. DHCP service remains disabled.
    ///
    /// If the maximum number of retries has been exhausted an error is logged
    /// and the server shuts down.
    ///
    /// This function is passed to the connection recovery mechanism. It will be
    /// invoked when a connection loss is detected.
    ///
    /// @param db_reconnect_ctl pointer to the ReconnectCtl containing the
    /// configured reconnect parameters.
    /// @return true if connection has been recovered, false otherwise.
    static bool dbReconnect(ReconnectCtlPtr db_reconnect_ctl);

    /// @brief Create a new context.
    ///
    /// The database is opened with all the SQL commands pre-compiled.
    ///
    /// @return A new (never null) context.
    ///
    /// @throw isc::dhcp::NoDatabaseName Mandatory database name not given.
    /// @throw isc::db::DbOperationError An operation on the open database has
    /// failed.
    MySqlHostContextPtr createContext() const;

    /// @brief Returns backend version.
    ///
    /// The method is called by the constructor before opening the database
    /// to verify that the schema version is correct.
    ///
    /// @param timer_name The DB reconnect timer name.
    /// @return Version number stored in the database, as a pair of unsigned
    ///         integers. "first" is the major version number, "second" the
    ///         minor number.
    ///
    /// @throw isc::dhcp::DbOperationError An operation on the open database
    ///        has failed.
    std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> getVersion(const std::string& timer_name = std::string()) const;

    /// @brief Executes statements which inserts a row into one of the tables.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param stindex Index of a statement being executed.
    /// @param bind Vector of MYSQL_BIND objects to be used when making the
    /// query.
    ///
    /// @throw isc::db::DuplicateEntry Database throws duplicate entry error
    void addStatement(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                      MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::StatementIndex stindex,
                      std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind);

    /// @brief Executes statements that delete records.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param stindex Index of a statement being executed.
    /// @param bind Vector of MYSQL_BIND objects to be used when making the
    /// query.
    ///
    /// @return true if any records were deleted, false otherwise
    bool delStatement(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                      StatementIndex stindex,
                      MYSQL_BIND* bind);

    /// @brief Inserts IPv6 Reservation into ipv6_reservation table.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param resv IPv6 Reservation to be added
    /// @param id ID of a host owning this reservation
    void addResv(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                 const IPv6Resrv& resv,
                 const HostID& id);

    /// @brief Inserts a single DHCP option into the database.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param stindex Index of a statement being executed.
    /// @param opt_desc Option descriptor holding information about an option
    /// to be inserted into the database.
    /// @param opt_space Option space name.
    /// @param subnet_id Subnet identifier.
    /// @param host_id Host identifier.
    void addOption(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                   const MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::StatementIndex& stindex,
                   const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                   const std::string& opt_space,
                   const Optional<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                   const HostID& host_id);

    /// @brief Inserts multiple options into the database.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param stindex Index of a statement being executed.
    /// @param options_cfg An object holding a collection of options to be
    /// inserted into the database.
    /// @param host_id Host identifier retrieved using @c mysql_insert_id.
    void addOptions(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                    const StatementIndex& stindex,
                    const ConstCfgOptionPtr& options_cfg,
                    const uint64_t host_id);

    /// @brief Check Error and Throw Exception
    ///
    /// This method invokes @ref db::MySqlConnection::checkError.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param status Status code: non-zero implies an error
    /// @param index Index of statement that caused the error
    /// @param what High-level description of the error
    ///
    /// @throw isc::dhcp::DbOperationError An operation on the open database has
    ///        failed.
    void checkError(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                    const int status,
                    const StatementIndex index,
                    const char* what) const;

    /// @brief Creates collection of @ref Host objects with associated
    /// information such as IPv6 reservations and/or DHCP options.
    ///
    /// This method performs a query which returns host information from
    /// the 'hosts' table. The query may also use LEFT JOIN clause to
    /// retrieve information from other tables, e.g. ipv6_reservations,
    /// dhcp4_options and dhcp6_options.
    /// Whether IPv6 reservations and/or options are assigned to the
    /// @ref Host objects depends on the type of the exchange object.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param stindex Statement index.
    /// @param bind Pointer to an array of MySQL bindings.
    /// @param exchange Pointer to the exchange object used for the
    /// particular query.
    /// @param [out] result Reference to the collection of hosts returned.
    /// @param single A boolean value indicating if a single host is
    /// expected to be returned, or multiple hosts.
    void getHostCollection(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                           StatementIndex stindex,
                           MYSQL_BIND* bind,
                           boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange,
                           ConstHostCollection& result,
                           bool single) const;

    /// @brief Retrieves a host by subnet and client's unique identifier.
    ///
    /// This method is used by both MySqlHostDataSource::get4 and
    /// MySqlHOstDataSource::get6 methods.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    /// @param subnet_id Subnet identifier.
    /// @param identifier_type Identifier type.
    /// @param identifier_begin Pointer to a beginning of a buffer containing
    /// an identifier.
    /// @param identifier_len Identifier length.
    /// @param stindex Statement index.
    /// @param exchange Pointer to the exchange object used for the
    /// particular query.
    ///
    /// @return Pointer to const instance of Host or null pointer if
    /// no host found.
    ConstHostPtr getHost(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                         const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                         const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                         const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                         const size_t identifier_len,
                         StatementIndex stindex,
                         boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange) const;

    /// @brief Throws exception if database is read only.
    ///
    /// This method should be called by the methods which write to the
    /// database. If the backend is operating in read-only mode this
    /// method will throw exception.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Context
    ///
    /// @throw DbReadOnly if backend is operating in read only mode.
    void checkReadOnly(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx) const;

    /// @brief The parameters
    DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap parameters_;

    /// @brief Holds the setting whether the IP reservations must be unique or
    /// may be non-unique.
    bool ip_reservations_unique_;

    /// @brief The pool of contexts
    MySqlHostContextPoolPtr pool_;

    /// @brief Indicates if there is at least one connection that can no longer
    /// be used for normal operations.
    bool unusable_;

    /// @brief Timer name used to register database reconnect timer.
    std::string timer_name_;
};

namespace {

/// @brief Array of tagged statements.
typedef boost::array<TaggedStatement, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::NUM_STATEMENTS>
TaggedStatementArray;

/// @brief Prepared MySQL statements used by the backend to insert and
/// retrieve hosts from the database.
TaggedStatementArray tagged_statements = { {
    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and both DHCPv4 and
    // DHCPv6 options associated with the host. The LEFT JOIN clause is used
    // to retrieve information from 4 different tables using a single query.
    // Hence, this query returns multiple rows for a single host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, "
                "h.hostname, h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, "
                "h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o4.option_id, o4.code, o4.value, o4.formatted_value, o4.space, "
                "o4.persistent, o4.cancelled, o4.user_context, "
                "o6.option_id, o6.code, o6.value, o6.formatted_value, o6.space, "
                "o6.persistent, o6.cancelled, o6.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o4 "
                "ON h.host_id = o4.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o6 "
                "ON h.host_id = o6.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE dhcp_identifier = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o4.option_id, o6.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information along with the DHCPv4 options associated with
    // it. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in multiple rows being
    // returned for the same host. The host is retrieved by IPv4 address.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE ipv4_address = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information and DHCPv4 options using subnet identifier
    // and client's identifier. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in
    // multiple rows being returned for the same host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND h.dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
                "AND h.dhcp_identifier = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host. The number of rows returned is a multiplication
    // of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND h.dhcp_identifier_type = ? "
                "AND h.dhcp_identifier = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information and DHCPv4 options for the host using subnet
    // identifier and IPv4 reservation. Left joining the dhcp4_options table
    // results in multiple rows being returned for the host. The number of
    // rows depends on the number of options defined for the host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND h.ipv4_address = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host using prefix and prefix length. This query
    // returns host information for a single host. However, multiple rows
    // are returned due to left joining IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    // The number of rows returned is multiplication of number of existing
    // IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PREFIX,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context,"
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.host_id = "
                "( SELECT host_id FROM ipv6_reservations "
                    "WHERE address = ? AND prefix_len = ? ) "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host using IPv6 subnet id and prefix. This query
    // returns host information for a single host. However, multiple rows
    // are returned due to left joining IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    // The number of rows returned is multiplication of number of existing
    // IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND h.host_id IN "
                "(SELECT host_id FROM ipv6_reservations "
                    "WHERE address = ?) "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host using IPv6 address/prefix. This query
    // may return host information for one or more host reservations. Even
    // if only one host is found, multiple rows
    // are returned due to left joining IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    // The number of rows returned is multiplication of number of existing
    // IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR6,
     "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
     "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
     "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
     "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
     "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
     "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
     "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
     "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
     "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
     "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
     "FROM hosts AS h "
     "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
     "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
     "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
     "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
     "WHERE h.host_id IN "
     "(SELECT host_id FROM ipv6_reservations "
     "WHERE address = ?) "
     "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information along with the DHCPv4 options associated with
    // it. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in multiple rows being
    // returned for the same host. Hosts are retrieved by IPv4 subnet id.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host. The number of rows returned is a multiplication
    // of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options. Hosts are retrieved
    // by IPv6 subnet id.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and both DHCPv4 and
    // DHCPv6 options associated with the host. The LEFT JOIN clause is used
    // to retrieve information from 4 different tables using a single query.
    // Hence, this query returns multiple rows for a single host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, "
                "h.hostname, h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, "
                "h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o4.option_id, o4.code, o4.value, o4.formatted_value, o4.space, "
                "o4.persistent, o4.cancelled, o4.user_context, "
                "o6.option_id, o6.code, o6.value, o6.formatted_value, o6.space, "
                "o6.persistent, o6.cancelled, o6.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o4 "
                "ON h.host_id = o4.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o6 "
                "ON h.host_id = o6.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.hostname = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o4.option_id, o6.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information and DHCPv4 options using hostname and
    // subnet identifier. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in
    // multiple rows being returned for the same host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID4,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "WHERE h.hostname = ? AND h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // using hostname and subnet identifier. The number of rows returned
    // is a multiplication of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID6,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM hosts AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.hostname = ? AND h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information along with the DHCPv4 options associated with
    // it. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in multiple rows being
    // returned for the same host. Hosts are retrieved by IPv4 subnet id
    // and with a host id greater than the start one.
    // The number of hosts returned is lower or equal to the limit.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_PAGE,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM ( SELECT * FROM hosts AS h "
                    "WHERE h.dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND h.host_id > ? "
                    "ORDER BY h.host_id "
                    "LIMIT ? ) AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host. The number of rows returned is a multiplication
    // of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options. Hosts are retrieved
    // by IPv6 subnet id and with a host id greater than the start one.
    // The number of hosts returned is lower or equal to the limit.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_PAGE,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM ( SELECT * FROM hosts AS h "
                    "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND h.host_id > ? "
                    "ORDER BY h.host_id "
                    "LIMIT ? ) AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Retrieves host information along with the DHCPv4 options associated with
    // it. Left joining the dhcp4_options table results in multiple rows being
    // returned for the same host. Hosts are retrieved with a host id greater
    // than the start one.
    // The number of hosts returned is lower or equal to the limit.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PAGE4,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, h.dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "h.dhcp4_subnet_id, h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context "
            "FROM ( SELECT * FROM hosts AS h "
                    "WHERE h.host_id > ? "
                    "ORDER BY h.host_id "
                    "LIMIT ? ) AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp4_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id"},

    // Retrieves host information, IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options
    // associated with a host. The number of rows returned is a multiplication
    // of number of IPv6 reservations and DHCPv6 options. Hosts are retrieved
    // with a host id greater than the start one.
    // The number of hosts returned is lower or equal to the limit.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PAGE6,
            "SELECT h.host_id, h.dhcp_identifier, "
                "h.dhcp_identifier_type, h.dhcp4_subnet_id, "
                "h.dhcp6_subnet_id, h.ipv4_address, h.hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_client_classes, h.dhcp6_client_classes, h.user_context, "
                "h.dhcp4_next_server, h.dhcp4_server_hostname, "
                "h.dhcp4_boot_file_name, h.auth_key, "
                "o.option_id, o.code, o.value, o.formatted_value, o.space, "
                "o.persistent, o.cancelled, o.user_context, "
                "r.reservation_id, r.address, r.prefix_len, r.type, "
                "r.dhcp6_iaid, r.excluded_prefix, r.excluded_prefix_len "
            "FROM ( SELECT * FROM hosts AS h "
                    "WHERE h.host_id > ? "
                    "ORDER BY h.host_id "
                    "LIMIT ? ) AS h "
            "LEFT JOIN dhcp6_options AS o "
                "ON h.host_id = o.host_id "
            "LEFT JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "ORDER BY h.host_id, o.option_id, r.reservation_id"},

    // Inserts a host into the 'hosts' table without checking that there is
    // a reservation for the IP address.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST_NON_UNIQUE_IP,
            "INSERT INTO hosts(host_id, dhcp_identifier, dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "dhcp4_subnet_id, dhcp6_subnet_id, ipv4_address, hostname, "
                "dhcp4_client_classes, dhcp6_client_classes, "
                "user_context, dhcp4_next_server, "
                "dhcp4_server_hostname, dhcp4_boot_file_name, auth_key) "
            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"},

    // Inserts a host into the 'hosts' table with checking that reserved IP
    // address is unique. The innermost query checks if there is at least
    // one host for the given IP/subnet combination. For checking whether
    // hosts exists or not it doesn't matter if we select actual columns,
    // thus SELECT 1 was used as an optimization to avoid selecting data
    // that will be ignored anyway. If the host does not exist the new
    // host is inserted. DUAL is a special MySQL table from which we can
    // select the values to be inserted. If the host with the given IP
    // address already exists the new host won't be inserted. The caller
    // can check the number of affected rows to detect that there was
    // a duplicate host in the database.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST_UNIQUE_IP,
            "INSERT INTO hosts(host_id, dhcp_identifier, dhcp_identifier_type, "
                "dhcp4_subnet_id, dhcp6_subnet_id, ipv4_address, hostname, "
                "dhcp4_client_classes, dhcp6_client_classes, "
                "user_context, dhcp4_next_server, "
                "dhcp4_server_hostname, dhcp4_boot_file_name, auth_key) "
                "SELECT ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? FROM DUAL "
                    "WHERE NOT EXISTS ("
                        "SELECT 1 FROM hosts "
                            "WHERE ipv4_address = ? AND dhcp4_subnet_id = ? "
                        "LIMIT 1"
                    ")"},

    // Inserts a single IPv6 reservation into 'reservations' table without
    // checking that the inserted reservation is unique.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_RESRV_NON_UNIQUE,
            "INSERT INTO ipv6_reservations(address, prefix_len, type, "
                "dhcp6_iaid, excluded_prefix, excluded_prefix_len, host_id) "
            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"},

    // Inserts a single IPv6 reservation into 'reservations' table with
    // checking that the inserted reservation is unique.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_RESRV_UNIQUE,
            "INSERT INTO ipv6_reservations(address, prefix_len, type, "
                "dhcp6_iaid, excluded_prefix, excluded_prefix_len, host_id) "
                "SELECT ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? FROM DUAL "
                    "WHERE NOT EXISTS ("
                        "SELECT 1 FROM ipv6_reservations "
                            "WHERE address = ? AND prefix_len = ? "
                        "LIMIT 1"
                    ")"},

    // Inserts a single DHCPv4 option into 'dhcp4_options' table.
    // Using fixed scope_id = 3, which associates an option with host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V4_HOST_OPTION,
            "INSERT INTO dhcp4_options(option_id, code, value, formatted_value, space, "
                "persistent, cancelled, user_context, dhcp4_subnet_id, host_id, scope_id) "
            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 3)"},

    // Inserts a single DHCPv6 option into 'dhcp6_options' table.
    // Using fixed scope_id = 3, which associates an option with host.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_HOST_OPTION,
            "INSERT INTO dhcp6_options(option_id, code, value, formatted_value, space, "
                "persistent, cancelled, user_context, dhcp6_subnet_id, host_id, scope_id) "
            "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 3)"},

    // Delete IPv4 reservations by subnet id and reserved address.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR4,
            "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND ipv4_address = ?"},

    // Delete IPv6 reservations by subnet id and reserved address/prefix.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR6,
            "DELETE h FROM hosts AS h "
            "INNER JOIN ipv6_reservations AS r "
                "ON h.host_id = r.host_id "
            "WHERE h.dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND r.address = ?"},

    // Delete a single IPv4 reservation by subnet id and identifier.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID,
            "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp4_subnet_id = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type=? "
            "AND dhcp_identifier = ?"},

    // Delete a single IPv6 reservation by subnet id and identifier.
    {MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID,
            "DELETE FROM hosts WHERE dhcp6_subnet_id = ? AND dhcp_identifier_type=? "
            "AND dhcp_identifier = ?"}
    }
};

}  // namespace

// MySqlHostContext Constructor

MySqlHostContext::MySqlHostContext(const DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters,
                                   IOServiceAccessorPtr io_service_accessor,
                                   db::DbCallback db_reconnect_callback)
    : conn_(parameters, io_service_accessor, db_reconnect_callback),
      is_readonly_(true) {
}

// MySqlHostContextAlloc Constructor and Destructor

MySqlHostDataSource::MySqlHostContextAlloc::MySqlHostContextAlloc(
    MySqlHostDataSourceImpl& mgr) : ctx_(), mgr_(mgr) {

    if (MultiThreadingMgr::instance().getMode()) {
        // multi-threaded
        {
            // we need to protect the whole pool_ operation, hence extra scope {}
            lock_guard<mutex> lock(mgr_.pool_->mutex_);
            if (!mgr_.pool_->pool_.empty()) {
                ctx_ = mgr_.pool_->pool_.back();
                mgr_.pool_->pool_.pop_back();
            }
        }
        if (!ctx_) {
            ctx_ = mgr_.createContext();
        }
    } else {
        // single-threaded
        if (mgr_.pool_->pool_.empty()) {
            isc_throw(Unexpected, "No available MySQL host context?!");
        }
        ctx_ = mgr_.pool_->pool_.back();
    }
}

MySqlHostDataSource::MySqlHostContextAlloc::~MySqlHostContextAlloc() {
    if (MultiThreadingMgr::instance().getMode()) {
        // multi-threaded
        lock_guard<mutex> lock(mgr_.pool_->mutex_);
        mgr_.pool_->pool_.push_back(ctx_);
        if (ctx_->conn_.isUnusable()) {
            mgr_.unusable_ = true;
        }
    } else if (ctx_->conn_.isUnusable()) {
        mgr_.unusable_ = true;
    }
}

MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(const DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters)
    : parameters_(parameters), ip_reservations_unique_(true), unusable_(false) {

    // Create unique timer name per instance.
    timer_name_ = "MySqlHostMgr[";
<--- Variable 'timer_name_' is assigned in constructor body. Consider performing initialization in initialization list. [+]
When an object of a class is created, the constructors of all member variables are called consecutively in the order the variables are declared, even if you don't explicitly write them to the initialization list. You could avoid assigning 'timer_name_' a value by passing the value to the constructor in the initialization list.
    timer_name_ += boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(this));
    timer_name_ += "]DbReconnectTimer";

    MySqlConnection::ensureSchemaVersion(parameters,
                                         DbCallback(&MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::dbReconnect),
                                         timer_name_);

    // Create an initial context.
    pool_.reset(new MySqlHostContextPool());
    pool_->pool_.push_back(createContext());
}

// Create context.

MySqlHostContextPtr
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::createContext() const {
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx(new MySqlHostContext(parameters_,
        IOServiceAccessorPtr(new IOServiceAccessor(&DatabaseConnection::getIOService)),
        &MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::dbReconnect));

    // Open the database.
    ctx->conn_.openDatabase();

    // Check if we have TLS when we required it.
    if (ctx->conn_.getTls()) {
        std::string cipher = ctx->conn_.getTlsCipher();
        if (cipher.empty()) {
            LOG_ERROR(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_NO_TLS);
        } else {
            LOG_DEBUG(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DBG_TRACE,
                      MYSQL_HB_TLS_CIPHER)
                .arg(cipher);
        }
    }

    // Prepare query statements. Those are will be only used to retrieve
    // information from the database, so they can be used even if the
    // database is read only for the current user.
    ctx->conn_.prepareStatements(tagged_statements.begin(),
                                 tagged_statements.begin() + WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN);

    // Check if the backend is explicitly configured to operate with
    // read only access to the database.
    ctx->is_readonly_ = ctx->conn_.configuredReadOnly();

    // If we are using read-write mode for the database we also prepare
    // statements for INSERTS etc.
    if (!ctx->is_readonly_) {
        // Prepare statements for writing to the database, e.g. INSERT.
        ctx->conn_.prepareStatements(tagged_statements.begin() + WRITE_STMTS_BEGIN,
                                     tagged_statements.end());
    } else {
        LOG_INFO(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DB_READONLY);
    }

    // Create the exchange objects for use in exchanging data between the
    // program and the database.
    ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_.reset(new MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::DHCP4_ONLY));
    ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_.reset(new MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::DHCP6_ONLY));
    ctx->host_ipv46_exchange_.reset(new MySqlHostIPv6Exchange(MySqlHostWithOptionsExchange::DHCP4_AND_DHCP6));
    ctx->host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_.reset(new MySqlIPv6ReservationExchange());
    ctx->host_option_exchange_.reset(new MySqlOptionExchange());

    // Create ReconnectCtl for this connection.
    ctx->conn_.makeReconnectCtl(timer_name_);

    return (ctx);
}

MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::~MySqlHostDataSourceImpl() {
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::dbReconnect(ReconnectCtlPtr db_reconnect_ctl) {
    MultiThreadingCriticalSection cs;

    // Invoke application layer connection lost callback.
    if (!DatabaseConnection::invokeDbLostCallback(db_reconnect_ctl)) {
        return (false);
    }

    bool reopened = false;

    const std::string timer_name = db_reconnect_ctl->timerName();

    // At least one connection was lost.
    try {
        CfgDbAccessPtr cfg_db = CfgMgr::instance().getCurrentCfg()->getCfgDbAccess();
        std::list<std::string> host_db_access_list = cfg_db->getHostDbAccessStringList();
        for (std::string& hds : host_db_access_list) {
            auto parameters = DatabaseConnection::parse(hds);
            if (HostMgr::delBackend("mysql", hds, true)) {
                HostMgr::addBackend(hds);
            }
        }
        reopened = true;
    } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
        LOG_ERROR(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DB_RECONNECT_ATTEMPT_FAILED)
                .arg(ex.what());
    }

    if (reopened) {
        // Cancel the timer.
        if (TimerMgr::instance()->isTimerRegistered(timer_name)) {
            TimerMgr::instance()->unregisterTimer(timer_name);
        }

        // Invoke application layer connection recovered callback.
        if (!DatabaseConnection::invokeDbRecoveredCallback(db_reconnect_ctl)) {
            return (false);
        }
    } else {
        if (!db_reconnect_ctl->checkRetries()) {
            // We're out of retries, log it and initiate shutdown.
            LOG_ERROR(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DB_RECONNECT_FAILED)
                    .arg(db_reconnect_ctl->maxRetries());

            // Cancel the timer.
            if (TimerMgr::instance()->isTimerRegistered(timer_name)) {
                TimerMgr::instance()->unregisterTimer(timer_name);
            }

            // Invoke application layer connection failed callback.
            DatabaseConnection::invokeDbFailedCallback(db_reconnect_ctl);
            return (false);
        }

        LOG_INFO(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DB_RECONNECT_ATTEMPT_SCHEDULE)
                .arg(db_reconnect_ctl->maxRetries() - db_reconnect_ctl->retriesLeft() + 1)
                .arg(db_reconnect_ctl->maxRetries())
                .arg(db_reconnect_ctl->retryInterval());

        // Start the timer.
        if (!TimerMgr::instance()->isTimerRegistered(timer_name)) {
            TimerMgr::instance()->registerTimer(timer_name,
                std::bind(&MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::dbReconnect, db_reconnect_ctl),
                          db_reconnect_ctl->retryInterval(),
                          asiolink::IntervalTimer::ONE_SHOT);
        }
        TimerMgr::instance()->setup(timer_name);
    }

    return (true);
}

std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::getVersion(const std::string& timer_name) const {
    LOG_DEBUG(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DBG_TRACE_DETAIL, MYSQL_HB_DB_GET_VERSION);

    IOServiceAccessorPtr ac(new IOServiceAccessor(&DatabaseConnection::getIOService));
    DbCallback cb(&MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::dbReconnect);

    return (MySqlConnection::getVersion(parameters_, ac, cb, timer_name));
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addStatement(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                      StatementIndex stindex,
                                      std::vector<MYSQL_BIND>& bind) {
    // Bind the parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex), &bind[0]);
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to bind parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = MysqlExecuteStatement(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));

    if (status != 0) {
        // Failure: check for the special case of duplicate entry.
        if (mysql_errno(ctx->conn_.mysql_) == ER_DUP_ENTRY) {
            isc_throw(DuplicateEntry, "Database duplicate entry error");
        }
        checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to execute");
    }

    // If the number of rows inserted is 0 it means that the query detected
    // an attempt to insert duplicated data for which there is no unique
    // index in the database. Unique indexes are not created in the database
    // when it may be sometimes allowed to insert duplicated records per
    // server's configuration.
    my_ulonglong numrows = mysql_stmt_affected_rows(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));
    if (numrows == 0) {
        isc_throw(DuplicateEntry, "Database duplicate entry error");
    }
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::delStatement(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                      StatementIndex stindex,
                                      MYSQL_BIND* bind) {
    // Bind the parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex), &bind[0]);
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to bind parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = MysqlExecuteStatement(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));

    if (status != 0) {
        checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to execute");
    }

    // Let's check how many hosts were deleted.
    my_ulonglong numrows = mysql_stmt_affected_rows(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));

    return (numrows != 0);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addResv(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                 const IPv6Resrv& resv,
                                 const HostID& id) {
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind = ctx->host_ipv6_reservation_exchange_->
        createBindForSend(resv, id, ip_reservations_unique_);

    addStatement(ctx, ip_reservations_unique_ ? INSERT_V6_RESRV_UNIQUE : INSERT_V6_RESRV_NON_UNIQUE, bind);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addOption(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                   const StatementIndex& stindex,
                                   const OptionDescriptor& opt_desc,
                                   const std::string& opt_space,
                                   const Optional<SubnetID>& subnet_id,
                                   const HostID& id) {
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind = ctx->host_option_exchange_->createBindForSend(opt_desc, opt_space, subnet_id, id);

    addStatement(ctx, stindex, bind);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::addOptions(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                    const StatementIndex& stindex,
                                    const ConstCfgOptionPtr& options_cfg,
                                    const uint64_t host_id) {
    // Get option space names and vendor space names and combine them within a
    // single list.
    std::list<std::string> option_spaces = options_cfg->getOptionSpaceNames();
    std::list<std::string> vendor_spaces = options_cfg->getVendorIdsSpaceNames();
    option_spaces.insert(option_spaces.end(), vendor_spaces.begin(),
                         vendor_spaces.end());

    // For each option space retrieve all options and insert them into the
    // database.
    for (auto const& space : option_spaces) {
        OptionContainerPtr options = options_cfg->getAllCombined(space);
        if (options && !options->empty()) {
            for (auto const& opt : *options) {
                addOption(ctx, stindex, opt, space, Optional<SubnetID>(), host_id);
            }
        }
    }
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::checkError(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,<--- Parameter 'ctx' can be declared as reference to const
                                    const int status,
                                    const StatementIndex index,
                                    const char* what) const {
    ctx->conn_.checkError(status, index, what);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::getHostCollection(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                           StatementIndex stindex,
                                           MYSQL_BIND* bind,
                                           boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange,
                                           ConstHostCollection& result,
                                           bool single) const {

    // Bind the selection parameters to the statement
    int status = mysql_stmt_bind_param(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex), bind);
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to bind WHERE clause parameter");

    // Set up the MYSQL_BIND array for the data being returned and bind it to
    // the statement.
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> outbind = exchange->createBindForReceive();
    status = mysql_stmt_bind_result(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex), &outbind[0]);
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to bind SELECT clause parameters");

    // Execute the statement
    status = MysqlExecuteStatement(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to execute");

    // Ensure that all the lease information is retrieved in one go to avoid
    // overhead of going back and forth between client and server.
    status = mysql_stmt_store_result(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));
    checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to set up for storing all results");

    // Set up the fetch "release" object to release resources associated
    // with the call to mysql_stmt_fetch when this method exits, then
    // retrieve the data. mysql_stmt_fetch return value equal to 0 represents
    // successful data fetch.
    MySqlFreeResult fetch_release(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex));
    while ((status = mysql_stmt_fetch(ctx->conn_.getStatement(stindex))) ==
           MLM_MYSQL_FETCH_SUCCESS) {
        try {
            exchange->processFetchedData(result);

        } catch (const isc::BadValue& ex) {
            // Rethrow the exception with a bit more data.
            isc_throw(BadValue, ex.what() << ". Statement is <" <<
                      ctx->conn_.text_statements_[stindex] << ">");
        }

        if (single && (result.size() > 1)) {
            isc_throw(MultipleRecords, "multiple records were found in the "
                      "database where only one was expected for query "
                      << ctx->conn_.text_statements_[stindex]);
        }
    }

    // How did the fetch end?
    // If mysql_stmt_fetch return value is equal to 1 an error occurred.
    if (status == MLM_MYSQL_FETCH_FAILURE) {
        // Error - unable to fetch results
        checkError(ctx, status, stindex, "unable to fetch results");

    } else if (status == MYSQL_DATA_TRUNCATED) {
        // Data truncated - throw an exception indicating what was at fault
        isc_throw(DataTruncated, ctx->conn_.text_statements_[stindex]
                  << " returned truncated data: columns affected are "
                  << exchange->getErrorColumns());
    }
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::getHost(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx,
                                 const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                                 const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                                 const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                                 const size_t identifier_len,
                                 StatementIndex stindex,
                                 boost::shared_ptr<MySqlHostExchange> exchange) const {

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t subnet_buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet_buffer);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Identifier value.
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    // Identifier type.
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = &identifier_type_copy;
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    getHostCollection(ctx, stindex, inbind, exchange, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::checkReadOnly(MySqlHostContextPtr& ctx) const {<--- Parameter 'ctx' can be declared as reference to const
    if (ctx->is_readonly_) {
        isc_throw(ReadOnlyDb, "MySQL host database backend is configured to"
                  " operate in read only mode");
    }
}

MySqlHostDataSource::MySqlHostDataSource(const DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters)
    : impl_(new MySqlHostDataSourceImpl(parameters)) {
}

MySqlHostDataSource::~MySqlHostDataSource() {
}

DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap
MySqlHostDataSource::getParameters() const {
    return (impl_->parameters_);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::add(const HostPtr& host) {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);

    // Initiate MySQL transaction as we will have to make multiple queries
    // to insert host information into multiple tables. If that fails on
    // any stage, the transaction will be rolled back by the destructor of
    // the MySqlTransaction class.
    MySqlTransaction transaction(ctx->conn_);

    // If we're configured to check that an IP reservation within a given subnet
    // is unique, the IP reservation exists and the subnet is actually set
    // we will be using a special query that checks for uniqueness. Otherwise,
    // we will use a regular insert statement.
    bool unique_ip = impl_->ip_reservations_unique_ && !host->getIPv4Reservation().isV4Zero()
        && host->getIPv4SubnetID() != SUBNET_ID_UNUSED;

    // Create the MYSQL_BIND array for the host
    std::vector<MYSQL_BIND> bind = ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_->createBindForSend(host, unique_ip);

    // ... and insert the host.
    impl_->addStatement(ctx, unique_ip ? MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST_UNIQUE_IP :
                        MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_HOST_NON_UNIQUE_IP, bind);

    // Gets the last inserted hosts id
    uint64_t host_id = mysql_insert_id(ctx->conn_.mysql_);

    // Insert DHCPv4 options.
    ConstCfgOptionPtr cfg_option4 = host->getCfgOption4();
    if (cfg_option4) {
        impl_->addOptions(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V4_HOST_OPTION,
                          cfg_option4, host_id);
    }

    // Insert DHCPv6 options.
    ConstCfgOptionPtr cfg_option6 = host->getCfgOption6();
    if (cfg_option6) {
        impl_->addOptions(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::INSERT_V6_HOST_OPTION,
                          cfg_option6, host_id);
    }

    // Insert IPv6 reservations.
    IPv6ResrvRange v6resv = host->getIPv6Reservations();
    if (std::distance(v6resv.first, v6resv.second) > 0) {
        BOOST_FOREACH(auto const& resv, v6resv) {
            impl_->addResv(ctx, resv.second, host_id);
        }
    }

    // Everything went fine, so explicitly commit the transaction.
    transaction.commit();
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                         const asiolink::IOAddress& addr) {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];

    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // v4
    if (addr.isV4()) {
        uint32_t addr4 = addr.toUint32();
        inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
        inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
        inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

        return (impl_->delStatement(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR4, inbind));
    }

    // v6
    std::vector<uint8_t>addr6 = addr.toBytes();
    if (addr6.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "del() - address is not "
                  << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
    }

    unsigned long addr6_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6[0]);
    inbind[1].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].length = &addr6_length;

    return (impl_->delStatement(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_ADDR6, inbind));
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];

    // subnet-id
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier type
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = &identifier_type_copy;
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier value
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    return (impl_->delStatement(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID4_ID, inbind));
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::del6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];

    // subnet-id
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier type
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = &identifier_type_copy;
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // identifier value
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[2].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[2].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[2].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    return (impl_->delStatement(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::DEL_HOST_SUBID6_ID, inbind));
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll(const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                            const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                            const size_t identifier_len) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Identifier type.
    char identifier_type_copy = static_cast<char>(identifier_type);
    inbind[1].buffer = &identifier_type_copy;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Identifier value.
    std::vector<char> identifier_vec(identifier_begin,
                                     identifier_begin + identifier_len);
    unsigned long int length = identifier_vec.size();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[0].buffer = &identifier_vec[0];
    inbind[0].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[0].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_DHCPID, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv46_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll4(const SubnetID& subnet_id) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll6(const SubnetID& subnet_id) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAllbyHostname(const std::string& hostname) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Hostname
    char hostname_[HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];
    strncpy(hostname_, hostname.c_str(), HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
    unsigned long length = hostname.length();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
    inbind[0].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[0].length = &length;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv46_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAllbyHostname4(const std::string& hostname,
                                       const SubnetID& subnet_id) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Hostname
    char hostname_[HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];
    strncpy(hostname_, hostname.c_str(), HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
    unsigned long length = hostname.length();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
    inbind[0].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[0].length = &length;

    // Subnet ID
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID4, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAllbyHostname6(const std::string& hostname,
                                       const SubnetID& subnet_id) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Hostname
    char hostname_[HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN];
    strncpy(hostname_, hostname.c_str(), HOSTNAME_MAX_LEN - 1);
    unsigned long length = hostname.length();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(hostname_);
    inbind[0].buffer_length = length;
    inbind[0].length = &length;

    // Subnet ID
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_HOSTNAME_SUBID6, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getPage4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                              size_t& /*source_index*/,
                              uint64_t lower_host_id,
                              const HostPageSize& page_size) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Bind subnet id
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind lower host id
    uint32_t host_id = lower_host_id;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind page size value
    uint32_t page_size_data = page_size.page_size_;
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&page_size_data);
    inbind[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_PAGE, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getPage6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                              size_t& /*source_index*/,
                              uint64_t lower_host_id,
                              const HostPageSize& page_size) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[3];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Bind subnet id
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind lower host id
    uint32_t host_id = lower_host_id;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind page size value
    uint32_t page_size_data = page_size.page_size_;
    inbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[2].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&page_size_data);
    inbind[2].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_PAGE, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getPage4(size_t& /*source_index*/,
                              uint64_t lower_host_id,
                              const HostPageSize& page_size) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Bind lower host id
    uint32_t host_id = lower_host_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind page size value
    uint32_t page_size_data = page_size.page_size_;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&page_size_data);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PAGE4, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getPage6(size_t& /*source_index*/,
                              uint64_t lower_host_id,
                              const HostPageSize& page_size) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    // Bind lower host id
    uint32_t host_id = lower_host_id;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&host_id);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    // Bind page size value
    uint32_t page_size_data = page_size.page_size_;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&page_size_data);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PAGE6, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll4(const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t addr4 = address.toUint32();
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection result;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, result, false);

    return (result);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    return (impl_->getHost(ctx, subnet_id, identifier_type, identifier_begin, identifier_len,
                           MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID4_DHCPID,
                           ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_));
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    if (!address.isV4()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::get4(id, address): "
                  "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv6 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    uint32_t addr4 = address.toUint32();
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll4(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                             const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    if (!address.isV4()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::getAll4(id, address): "
                  "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv6 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    uint32_t subnet = subnet_id;
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    uint32_t addr4 = address.toUint32();
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr4);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID_ADDR, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv4_exchange_, collection, false);
    return (collection);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const Host::IdentifierType& identifier_type,
                          const uint8_t* identifier_begin,
                          const size_t identifier_len) const {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    return (impl_->getHost(ctx, subnet_id, identifier_type, identifier_begin, identifier_len,
                           MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_DHCPID,
                           ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_));
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const asiolink::IOAddress& prefix,
                          const uint8_t prefix_len) const {
    if (!prefix.isV6()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::get6(prefix, prefix_len): "
                  "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv4 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    std::vector<uint8_t>addr6 = prefix.toBytes();
    if (addr6.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "get6() - prefix is not "
                  << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
    }

    unsigned long addr6_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6[0]);
    inbind[0].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[0].length = &addr6_length;

    uint8_t tmp = prefix_len;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tmp);
    inbind[1].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_PREFIX, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

ConstHostPtr
MySqlHostDataSource::get6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                          const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    if (!address.isV6()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::get6(id, address): "
                  "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv4 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t subnet_buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet_buffer);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    std::vector<uint8_t>addr6 = address.toBytes();
    if (addr6.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "get6() - address is not "
                  << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
    }

    unsigned long addr6_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6[0]);
    inbind[1].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].length = &addr6_length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, collection, true);

    // Return single record if present, else clear the host.
    ConstHostPtr result;
    if (!collection.empty()) {
        result = *collection.begin();
    }

    return (result);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll6(const SubnetID& subnet_id,
                             const asiolink::IOAddress& address) const {
    if (!address.isV6()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::getAll6(id, address): "
                  "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv4 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[2];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    uint32_t subnet_buffer = static_cast<uint32_t>(subnet_id);
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&subnet_buffer);
    inbind[0].is_unsigned = MLM_TRUE;

    std::vector<uint8_t>addr6 = address.toBytes();
    if (addr6.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "getAll6() - address is not "
                  << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
    }

    unsigned long addr6_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[1].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6[0]);
    inbind[1].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[1].length = &addr6_length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_SUBID6_ADDR, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, collection, false);
    return (collection);
}

ConstHostCollection
MySqlHostDataSource::getAll6(const IOAddress& address) const {
    if (!address.isV6()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "MySqlHostDataSource::getAll6(address): "
                            "wrong address type, address supplied is an IPv4 address");
    }

    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // Set up the WHERE clause value
    MYSQL_BIND inbind[1];
    memset(inbind, 0, sizeof(inbind));

    std::vector<uint8_t>addr6 = address.toBytes();
    if (addr6.size() != isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN) {
        isc_throw(DbOperationError, "getAll6() - address is not "
                                        << isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN << " bytes long");
    }

    unsigned long addr6_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB;
    inbind[0].buffer = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&addr6[0]);
    inbind[0].buffer_length = isc::asiolink::V6ADDRESS_LEN;
    inbind[0].length = &addr6_length;

    ConstHostCollection collection;
    impl_->getHostCollection(ctx, MySqlHostDataSourceImpl::GET_HOST_ADDR6, inbind,
                             ctx->host_ipv6_exchange_, collection, false);
    return (collection);
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::update(HostPtr const& host) {
    // Get a context.
    MySqlHostContextAlloc const context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx(context.ctx_);

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);

    // Initiate MySQL transaction as we will have to make multiple queries
    // to update host information into multiple tables. If that fails on
    // any stage, the transaction will be rolled back by the destructor of
    // the MySqlTransaction class.
    MySqlTransaction transaction(ctx->conn_);

    // As much as having dedicated prepared statements for updating tables would be consistent with
    // the implementation of other commands, it's difficult if not impossible to cover all cases for
    // updating the host to exactly as is described in the command, which may involve inserts and
    // deletes alongside updates. So let's delete and add. The delete cascades into all tables. The
    // add explicitly adds into all tables.
    BaseHostDataSource::update(host);

    // Everything went fine, so explicitly commit the transaction.
    transaction.commit();
}

// Miscellaneous database methods.

std::string
MySqlHostDataSource::getName() const {
    std::string name = "";
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    try {
        name = ctx->conn_.getParameter("name");
    } catch (...) {
        // Return an empty name
    }
    return (name);
}

std::string
MySqlHostDataSource::getDescription() const {
    return (std::string("Host data source that stores host information"
                        "in MySQL database"));
}

std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>
MySqlHostDataSource::getVersion(const std::string& timer_name) const {
    return(impl_->getVersion(timer_name));
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::commit() {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);
    if (ctx->conn_.isTransactionStarted()) {
        ctx->conn_.commit();
    }
}

void
MySqlHostDataSource::rollback() {
    // Get a context
    MySqlHostContextAlloc get_context(*impl_);
    MySqlHostContextPtr ctx = get_context.ctx_;

    // If operating in read-only mode, throw exception.
    impl_->checkReadOnly(ctx);
    if (ctx->conn_.isTransactionStarted()) {
        ctx->conn_.rollback();
    }
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::setIPReservationsUnique(const bool unique) {
    impl_->ip_reservations_unique_ = unique;
    return (true);
}

bool
MySqlHostDataSource::isUnusable() {
    return (impl_->unusable_);
}

HostDataSourcePtr
MySqlHostDataSource::factory(const isc::db::DatabaseConnection::ParameterMap& parameters) {
    LOG_INFO(mysql_hb_logger, MYSQL_HB_DB)
        .arg(isc::db::DatabaseConnection::redactedAccessString(parameters));
    return (HostDataSourcePtr(new MySqlHostDataSource(parameters)));
}

std::string
MySqlHostDataSource::getDBVersion() {
    std::stringstream tmp;
    tmp << "MySQL backend " << MYSQL_SCHEMA_VERSION_MAJOR;
    tmp << "." << MYSQL_SCHEMA_VERSION_MINOR;
    tmp << ", library " << mysql_get_client_info();
    return (tmp.str());
}

}  // namespace dhcp
}  // namespace isc