Cppcheck report - cppcheck report: src/bin/dhcp6/dhcp6_srv.h

// Copyright (C) 2011-2024 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#ifndef DHCPV6_SRV_H
#define DHCPV6_SRV_H

#include <asiolink/io_service.h>
#include <dhcp/dhcp6.h>
#include <dhcp/duid.h>
#include <dhcp/option.h>
#include <dhcp/option_string.h>
#include <dhcp/option6_client_fqdn.h>
#include <dhcp/option6_ia.h>
#include <dhcp/option_custom.h>
#include <dhcp/option_definition.h>
#include <dhcp_ddns/ncr_msg.h>
#include <dhcp/pkt6.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/alloc_engine.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/callout_handle_store.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cb_ctl_dhcp6.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/cfg_option.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/d2_client_mgr.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/network_state.h>
#include <dhcpsrv/subnet.h>
#include <hooks/callout_handle.h>
#include <process/daemon.h>

#include <functional><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <iostream><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <queue><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

// Undefine the macro OPTIONAL which is defined in some operating
// systems but conflicts with a member of the RequirementLevel enum in
// the server class.

#ifdef OPTIONAL
#undef OPTIONAL
#endif

namespace isc {
namespace dhcp {

/// @brief This exception is thrown when DHCP server hits the error which should
/// result in discarding the message being processed.
class DHCPv6DiscardMessageError : public Exception {
public:
    DHCPv6DiscardMessageError(const char* file, size_t line, const char* what) :
        isc::Exception(file, line, what) { };
};

/// @brief DHCPv6 server service.
///
/// This singleton class represents DHCPv6 server. It contains all
/// top-level methods and routines necessary for server operation.
/// In particular, it instantiates IfaceMgr, loads or generates DUID
/// that is going to be used as server-identifier, receives incoming
/// packets, processes them, manages leases assignment and generates
/// appropriate responses.
///
/// This class does not support any controlling mechanisms directly.
/// See the derived \ref ControlledDhcpv6Srv class for support for
/// command and configuration updates over msgq.
class Dhcpv6Srv : public process::Daemon {
private:

    /// @brief Pointer to IO service used by the server.
    asiolink::IOServicePtr io_service_;

public:
    /// @brief defines if certain option may, must or must not appear
    typedef enum {
        FORBIDDEN,
        MANDATORY,
        OPTIONAL
    } RequirementLevel;

    /// @brief Minimum length of a MAC address to be used in DUID generation.
    static const size_t MIN_MAC_LEN = 6;

    /// @brief Default constructor.
    ///
    /// Instantiates necessary services, required to run DHCPv6 server.
    /// In particular, creates IfaceMgr that will be responsible for
    /// network interaction. Will instantiate lease manager, and load
    /// old or create new DUID. It is possible to specify alternate
    /// port on which DHCPv6 server will listen on and alternate port
    /// where DHCPv6 server sends all responses to. Those are mostly useful
    /// for testing purposes.
    ///
    /// @param server_port specifies port number to listen on
    /// @param client_port specifies port number to send to
    Dhcpv6Srv(uint16_t server_port = DHCP6_SERVER_PORT,
<--- Class 'Dhcpv6Srv' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'Dhcpv6Srv' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
              uint16_t client_port = 0);

    /// @brief Destructor. Used during DHCPv6 service shutdown.
    virtual ~Dhcpv6Srv();

    /// @brief Checks if the server is running in unit test mode.
    ///
    /// @return true if the server is running in unit test mode,
    /// false otherwise.
    bool inTestMode() const {
        return (server_port_ == 0);
    }

    /// @brief Returns pointer to the IO service used by the server.
    asiolink::IOServicePtr& getIOService() {
        return (io_service_);
    }

    /// @brief Returns pointer to the network state used by the server.
    NetworkStatePtr& getNetworkState() {
        return (network_state_);
    }

    /// @brief Returns an object which controls access to the configuration
    /// backends.
    ///
    /// @return Pointer to the instance of the object which controls
    /// access to the configuration backends.
    CBControlDHCPv6Ptr getCBControl() const {
        return (cb_control_);
    }

    /// @brief returns Kea version on stdout and exit.
    /// redeclaration/redefinition. @ref isc::process::Daemon::getVersion()
    static std::string getVersion(bool extended);<--- Derived function 'Dhcpv6Srv::getVersion'

    /// @brief Returns server-identifier option.
    ///
    /// @return server-id option
    OptionPtr getServerID() { return serverid_; }

    /// @brief Main server processing loop.
    ///
    /// Main server processing loop. Call the processing step routine
    /// until shut down.
    ///
    /// @return The value returned by @c Daemon::getExitValue().
    int run();

    /// @brief Main server processing step.
    ///
    /// Main server processing step. Receives one incoming packet, calls
    /// the processing packet routing and (if necessary) transmits
    /// a response.
    void runOne();

    /// @brief Process a single incoming DHCPv6 packet and sends the response.
    ///
    /// It verifies correctness of the passed packet, calls per-type processXXX
    /// methods, generates appropriate answer, sends the answer to the client.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    void processPacketAndSendResponse(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Process a single incoming DHCPv6 packet and sends the response.
    ///
    /// It verifies correctness of the passed packet, calls per-type processXXX
    /// methods, generates appropriate answer, sends the answer to the client.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    void processPacketAndSendResponseNoThrow(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Process an unparked DHCPv6 packet and sends the response.
    ///
    /// @param callout_handle pointer to the callout handle.
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    /// @param rsp A pointer to the response.
    /// @param subnet A pointer to the selected subnet.
    void sendResponseNoThrow(hooks::CalloutHandlePtr& callout_handle,
                             Pkt6Ptr query, Pkt6Ptr& rsp, Subnet6Ptr& subnet);

    /// @brief Process a single incoming DHCPv6 packet.
    ///
    /// It verifies correctness of the passed packet, localizes it,
    /// calls per-type processXXX methods, generates appropriate answer.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    /// @return A pointer to the response.
    Pkt6Ptr processPacket(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Process a single incoming DHCPv6 query.
    ///
    /// It localizes the query, calls per-type processXXX methods,
    /// generates appropriate answer.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    /// @return A pointer to the response.
    Pkt6Ptr processDhcp6Query(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Process a single incoming DHCPv6 query.
    ///
    /// It localizes the query, calls per-type processXXX methods,
    /// generates appropriate answer, sends the answer to the client.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    void processDhcp6QueryAndSendResponse(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Process a localized incoming DHCPv6 query.
    ///
    /// It calls per-type processXXX methods, generates appropriate answer.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Pointer to The client context.
    /// @return A pointer to the response.
    Pkt6Ptr processLocalizedQuery6(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Process a localized incoming DHCPv6 query.
    ///
    /// It calls per-type processXXX methods, generates appropriate answer,
    /// sends the answer to the client.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the packet to be processed.
    /// @param ctx Pointer to The client context.
    void processLocalizedQuery6AndSendResponse(Pkt6Ptr query,
                                               AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Process a localized incoming DHCPv6 query.
    ///
    /// A variant of the precedent method used to resume processing
    /// for packets parked in the subnet6_select callout.
    ///
    /// @param query A pointer to the unparked packet.
    void processLocalizedQuery6AndSendResponse(Pkt6Ptr query);

    /// @brief Instructs the server to shut down.
    void shutdown() override;

    ///
    /// @name Public accessors returning values required to (re)open sockets.
    ///
    //@{
    ///
    /// @brief Get UDP port on which server should listen.
    ///
    /// Typically, server listens on UDP port number 547. Other ports are used
    /// for testing purposes only.
    ///
    /// @return UDP port on which server should listen.
    uint16_t getServerPort() const {
        return (server_port_);
    }
    //@}

    /// @brief Starts DHCP_DDNS client IO if DDNS updates are enabled.
    ///
    /// If updates are enabled, it instructs the D2ClientMgr singleton to
    /// enter send mode.  If D2ClientMgr encounters errors it may throw
    /// D2ClientError. This method does not catch exceptions.
    void startD2();

    /// @brief Stops DHCP_DDNS client IO if DDNS updates are enabled.
    ///
    /// If updates are enabled, it instructs the D2ClientMgr singleton to
    /// leave send mode.  If D2ClientMgr encounters errors it may throw
    /// D2ClientError. This method does not catch exceptions.
    void stopD2();

    /// @brief Implements the error handler for DHCP_DDNS IO errors
    ///
    /// Invoked when a NameChangeRequest send to kea-dhcp-ddns completes with
    /// a failed status.  These are communications errors, not data related
    /// failures.
    ///
    /// This method logs the failure and then suspends all further updates.
    /// Updating can only be restored by reconfiguration or restarting the
    /// server.  There is currently no retry logic so the first IO error that
    /// occurs will suspend updates.
    /// @todo We may wish to make this more robust or sophisticated.
    ///
    /// @param result Result code of the send operation.
    /// @param ncr NameChangeRequest which failed to send.
    virtual void d2ClientErrorHandler(const dhcp_ddns::
                                      NameChangeSender::Result result,
                                      dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequestPtr& ncr);

    /// @brief Discards parked packets
    /// Clears the packet parking lots of all packets.
    /// Called during reconfigure and shutdown.
    void discardPackets();

    /// @brief Initialize client context (first part).
    ///
    /// @param query The query message.
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context.
    void initContext0(const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                      AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Initialize client context and perform early global
    /// reservations lookup.
    ///
    /// @param query The query message.
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context.
    /// @return true if processing can continue, false if the query must be
    /// dropped.
    bool earlyGHRLookup(const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                        AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Set host identifiers within a context.
    ///
    /// This method sets an ordered list of host identifier types and
    /// values which the server should use to find host reservations.
    /// The order of the set is determined by the configuration parameter,
    /// host-reservation-identifiers
    ///
    /// @param ctx reference to the context.
    static void setHostIdentifiers(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

protected:

    /// @brief This function sets statistics related to DHCPv6 packets processing
    /// to their initial values.
    ///
    /// All of the statistics observed by the DHCPv6 server and with the names
    /// like "pkt6-" are reset to 0. This function must be invoked in the class
    /// constructor.
    void setPacketStatisticsDefaults();

    /// @brief Compare received server id with our server id
    ///
    /// Checks if the server id carried in a query from a client matches
    /// server identifier being used by the server.
    ///
    /// @param pkt DHCPv6 packet carrying server identifier to be checked.
    /// @return true if server id carried in the query matches server id
    /// used by the server; false otherwise.
    bool testServerID(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Check if the message can be sent to unicast.
    ///
    /// This function checks if the received message conforms to the section 16
    /// of RFC 8415 which says that: "A server MUST discard any Solicit, Confirm,
    /// Rebind or Information-request messages it receives with a Layer 3 unicast
    /// destination address.
    ///
    /// @param pkt DHCPv6 message to be checked.
    /// @return false if the message has been sent to unicast address but it is
    /// not allowed according to RFC3315, section 15; true otherwise.
    bool testUnicast(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt) const;

    /// @brief Verifies if specified packet meets RFC requirements
    ///
    /// Checks if mandatory option is really there, that forbidden option
    /// is not there, and that client-id or server-id appears only once.
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be checked
    /// @return false if the message should be dropped as a result of the
    /// sanity check.
    bool sanityCheck(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief verifies if specified packet meets RFC requirements
    ///
    /// Checks if mandatory option is really there, that forbidden option
    /// is not there, and that client-id or server-id appears only once.
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be checked
    /// @param clientid expectation regarding client-id option
    /// @param serverid expectation regarding server-id option
    /// @throw RFCViolation if any issues are detected
    void sanityCheck(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt, RequirementLevel clientid,
                     RequirementLevel serverid);

    /// @brief verifies if received DUID option (client-id or server-id) is sane
    ///
    /// @param opt option to be checked
    /// @param opt_name text name to be printed
    /// @throw RFCViolation if any issues are detected
    void sanityCheckDUID(const OptionPtr& opt, const std::string& opt_name);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Solicit and returns response.
    ///
    /// Processes received Solicit message and verifies that its sender
    /// should be served. In particular IA, TA and PD options are populated
    /// with to-be assigned addresses, temporary addresses and delegated
    /// prefixes, respectively. In the usual 4 message exchange, server is
    /// expected to respond with Advertise message. However, if client
    /// requests rapid-commit and server supports it, Reply will be sent
    /// instead of Advertise and requested leases will be assigned
    /// immediately.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Advertise, Reply message or NULL.
    Pkt6Ptr processSolicit(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Request and returns Reply response.
    ///
    /// Processes incoming Request message and verifies that its sender
    /// should be served. In particular IA, TA and PD options are populated
    /// with assigned addresses, temporary addresses and delegated
    /// prefixes, respectively. Uses LeaseMgr to allocate or update existing
    /// leases.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return REPLY message or NULL
    Pkt6Ptr processRequest(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Renew message.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message to be sent to the client.
    Pkt6Ptr processRenew(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Rebind message.
    ///
    /// @todo There are cases when the Rebind message should be  discarded
    /// by the DHCP server. One of those is when the server doesn't have a
    /// record of the client and it is unable to determine whether the
    /// client is on the appropriate link or not. We don't seem to do it
    /// now.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message to be sent to the client.
    Pkt6Ptr processRebind(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Confirm message and returns Reply.
    ///
    /// This function processes Confirm message from the client according
    /// to section 18.3.3. of RFC 8415. It discards the Confirm message if
    /// the message sent by the client contains no addresses, i.e. it has
    /// no IA_NA options or all IA_NA options contain no IAAddr options.
    ///
    /// If the Confirm message contains addresses this function will perform
    /// the following checks:
    /// - check if there is appropriate subnet configured for the client
    /// (e.g. subnet from which addresses are assigned for requests
    /// received on the particular interface).
    /// - check if all addresses sent in the Confirm message belong to the
    /// selected subnet.
    ///
    /// If any of the checks above fails, the Reply message with the status
    /// code NotOnLink is returned. Otherwise, the Reply message with the
    /// status code Success is returned.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message from the server or NULL pointer if Confirm
    /// message should be discarded by the server.
    Pkt6Ptr processConfirm(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Process incoming Release message.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message to be sent to the client.
    Pkt6Ptr processRelease(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Process incoming Decline message.
    ///
    /// This method processes Decline message. It conducts standard sanity
    /// checks, creates empty reply and copies the necessary options from
    /// the client's message. Finally, it calls @ref declineLeases, where
    /// the actual address processing takes place.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message to be sent to the client.
    Pkt6Ptr processDecline(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming Information-request message.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Reference to client context
    ///
    /// @return Reply message to be sent to the client.
    Pkt6Ptr processInfRequest(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes incoming DHCPv4-query message.
    ///
    /// It always returns NULL, as there is nothing to be sent back to the
    /// client at this time. The message was sent to DHCPv4 server using
    /// @ref isc::dhcp::Dhcp6to4Ipc::handler()). We will send back a response
    /// to the client once we get back DHCP4-REPLY from the DHCPv4 server.
    ///
    /// @param dhcp4_query message received from client
    /// Does not throw
    void processDhcp4Query(const Pkt6Ptr& dhcp4_query);

    /// @brief Selects a subnet for a given client's packet.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message
    /// @param drop if it is true the packet will be dropped
    /// @return selected subnet (or NULL if no suitable subnet was found)
    isc::dhcp::Subnet6Ptr selectSubnet(const Pkt6Ptr& question, bool& drop);

    /// @brief Processes IA_NA option (and assigns addresses if necessary).
    ///
    /// Generates response to IA_NA. This typically includes selecting (and
    /// allocating a lease in case of REQUEST) an address lease and creating
    /// IAADDR option. In case of allocation failure, it may contain
    /// status code option with non-zero status, denoting cause of the
    /// allocation failure.
    ///
    /// @param query client's message (typically SOLICIT or REQUEST)
    /// to the client (if the client sent this option to the server).
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param ia pointer to client's IA_NA option (client's request)
    ///
    /// @return IA_NA option (server's response)
    OptionPtr assignIA_NA(const isc::dhcp::Pkt6Ptr& query,
                          AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                          Option6IAPtr ia);

    /// @brief Processes IA_PD option (and assigns prefixes if necessary).
    ///
    /// Generates response to IA_PD. This typically includes selecting (and
    /// allocating in the case of REQUEST) a prefix lease and creating an
    /// IAPREFIX option. In case of an allocation failure, it may contain a
    /// status code option with non-zero status denoting the cause of the
    /// allocation failure.
    ///
    /// @param query client's message (typically SOLICIT or REQUEST)
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param ia pointer to client's IA_PD option (client's request)
    /// @return IA_PD option (server's response)
    OptionPtr assignIA_PD(const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                          AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                          boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA> ia);

    /// @brief Extends lifetime of the specific IA_NA option.
    ///
    /// Generates response to IA_NA in Renew or Rebind. This typically includes
    /// finding a lease that corresponds to the received address. If no such
    /// lease is found, an IA_NA response is generated with an appropriate
    /// status code.
    ///
    /// @param query client's message (Renew or Rebind)
    /// to the client (if the client sent this option to the server).
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param ia IA_NA option which carries address for which lease lifetime
    /// will be extended.
    /// @return IA_NA option (server's response)
    OptionPtr extendIA_NA(const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                          AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                          Option6IAPtr ia);

    /// @brief Extends lifetime of the prefix.
    ///
    /// This function is called by the logic which processes Renew and Rebind
    /// messages to extend the lifetime of the existing prefix.
    ///
    /// The behavior of this function is different than @c extendIA_NA in that
    /// when there is no subnet found for the rebinding case, the Rebind message
    /// is discarded by the server. That behavior is based on the following
    /// statement from the RFC 8415, section 18.3.5:
    ///
    /// "If the server chooses to not include any IAs containing IA Address or
    /// IA Prefix options with lifetimes of 0 and the server does not include
    /// any other IAs with leases and/or status codes, the server does not send
    /// a Reply message.  In this situation, the server discards the Rebind
    /// message".
    ///
    /// @todo We should consider unification of the server behavior for address
    /// assignment and prefix delegation with respect to Rebind message
    /// processing. The RFC 8415, section 18.3.5 doesn't really differentiate
    /// between IA_NA and IA_PD in how they should be processed by the server.
    /// The intention of the spec is as follows:
    ///
    /// - If the server finds a lease but addresses and/or prefixes are not
    ///   appropriate anymore, it sends them with zero lifetimes.
    /// - If the server doesn't find a lease the server checks if the addresses
    ///   and/or prefixes the client sends are appropriate and sends them back
    ///   with zero lifetimes if they aren't.
    /// - The server may choose to not respond at all, if it cannot determine
    ///   whether the addresses and/or prefixes are appropriate and it doesn't
    ///   allocate any other addresses and/or prefixes.
    /// - If the server cannot find the leases included in the Rebind, the
    ///   server may either allocate the leases or simply return NoBinding.
    ///
    /// The @c extendIA_PD function drops the Rebind message if it cannot find
    /// the client entry (as a result of not finding a subnet for the client),
    /// the @c extendIA_NA function sends NoBinding status code in that case.
    /// Perhaps we should introduce an "Authoritative" configuration flag which,
    /// if enabled, would cause the server to always respond, either indicating
    /// that the address/prefix is inappropriate (with zero lifetimes) or that
    /// there is no binding (NoBinding status code) for both addresses and
    /// prefixes. When the "Authoritative" flag is disabled the server would
    /// drop the Rebind for which there is neither subnet selected nor client
    /// entry found (as it could be handled by another DHCP server). If nothing
    /// else we could consider unifying the behavior of @c extendIA_NA and
    /// @c extendIA_PD with respect to Rebind processing.
    ///
    /// @param query client's message
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param ia IA_PD option that is being renewed
    /// @return IA_PD option (server's response)
    /// @throw DHCPv6DiscardMessageError when the message being processed should
    /// be discarded by the server, i.e. there is no binding for the client doing
    /// Rebind.
    OptionPtr extendIA_PD(const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                          AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                          Option6IAPtr ia);

    /// @brief Releases specific IA_NA option
    ///
    /// Generates response to IA_NA in Release message. This covers finding and
    /// removal of a lease that corresponds to the received address. If no such
    /// lease is found, an IA_NA response is generated with an appropriate
    /// status code.
    ///
    /// The server sends top-level Status Code option. This method may update the
    /// passed value of that option, i.e. general_status. It is set to SUCCESS when
    /// message processing begins, but may be updated to some error code if the
    /// release process fails.
    ///
    /// @param duid client's duid
    /// @param query client's message
    /// @param general_status a global status (it may be updated in case of errors)
    /// @param ia IA_NA option that is being released
    /// @param old_lease a pointer to the lease being released
    /// @return IA_NA option (server's response)
    OptionPtr releaseIA_NA(const DuidPtr& duid, const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                           int& general_status,
                           boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA> ia,
                           Lease6Ptr& old_lease);

    /// @brief Releases specific IA_PD option
    ///
    /// Generates response to IA_PD in Release message. This covers finding and
    /// removal of a lease that corresponds to the received prefix(es). If no such
    /// lease is found, an IA_PD response is generated with an appropriate
    /// status code.
    ///
    /// @param duid client's duid
    /// @param query client's message
    /// @param general_status a global status (it may be updated in case of errors)
    /// @param ia IA_PD option that is being released
    /// @param old_lease a pointer to the lease being released
    /// @return IA_PD option (server's response)
    OptionPtr releaseIA_PD(const DuidPtr& duid, const Pkt6Ptr& query,
                           int& general_status,
                           boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA> ia,
                           Lease6Ptr& old_lease);

    /// @brief Copies required options from client message to server answer.
    ///
    /// Copies options that must appear in any server response (ADVERTISE, REPLY)
    /// to client's messages (SOLICIT, REQUEST, RENEW, REBIND, DECLINE, RELEASE).
    /// One notable example is client-id. Other options may be copied as required.
    /// Relay information details are also copied here.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message (options will be copied from here)
    /// @param answer server's message (options will be copied here)
    void copyClientOptions(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer);

    /// @brief Build the configured option list
    ///
    /// @note The configured option list is an *ordered* list of
    /// @c CfgOption objects used to append options to the response.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message
    /// @param ctx client context (for the subnet)
    /// @param co_list configured option list to build
    void buildCfgOptionList(const Pkt6Ptr& question,
                            AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                            CfgOptionList& co_list);

    /// @brief Appends default options to server's answer.
    ///
    /// Adds required options to server's answer. In particular, server-id
    /// is added. Possibly other mandatory options will be added, depending
    /// on type (or content) of client message.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message
    /// @param answer server's message (options will be added here)
    /// @param co_list configured option list (currently unused)
    void appendDefaultOptions(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                              const CfgOptionList& co_list);

    /// @brief Appends requested options to server's answer.
    ///
    /// Appends options requested by client to the server's answer.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message
    /// @param answer server's message (options will be added here)
    ///
    /// @param co_list configured option list
    void appendRequestedOptions(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                                const CfgOptionList& co_list);

    /// @brief Appends requested vendor options to server's answer.
    ///
    /// This is mostly useful for Cable Labs options for now, but the method
    /// is easily extensible to other vendors.
    ///
    /// @param question client's message
    /// @param answer server's message (vendor options will be added here)
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param co_list configured option list
    void appendRequestedVendorOptions(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                                      AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                                      const CfgOptionList& co_list);

    /// @brief Assigns leases.
    ///
    /// It supports non-temporary addresses (IA_NA) and prefixes (IA_PD). It
    /// does NOT support temporary addresses (IA_TA).
    ///
    /// @param question client's message (with requested IA options)
    /// @param answer server's message (IA options will be added here).
    ///   This message should contain Client FQDN option being sent by the server
    ///   to the client (if the client sent this option to the server).
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    void assignLeases(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                      AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Processes Client FQDN Option.
    ///
    /// This function retrieves DHCPv6 Client FQDN %Option (if any) from the
    /// packet sent by a client and takes necessary actions upon this option.
    /// Received option comprises flags field which controls what DNS updates
    /// server should do. Server may override client's preference based on
    /// the current configuration. Server indicates that it has overridden
    /// the preference by storing DHCPv6 Client FQDN option with the
    /// appropriate flags in the response to a client. This option is also
    /// used to communicate the client's domain-name which should be sent
    /// to the DNS in the update. Again, server may act upon the received
    /// domain-name, i.e. if the provided domain-name is partial it should
    /// generate the fully qualified domain-name.
    ///
    /// This function takes into account the host reservation if one is matched
    /// to this client when forming the FQDN to be used with DNS as well as the
    /// lease name to be stored with the lease. In the following the term
    /// "reserved hostname" means a host reservation which includes a
    /// non-blank hostname.
    ///
    /// - If there is no Client FQDN and no reserved hostname then there
    /// will no be DNS updates and the lease hostname will be empty.
    ///
    /// - If there is no Client FQDN but there is reserved hostname then
    /// there will be no DNS updates and the lease hostname will be equal
    /// to reserved hostname.
    ///
    /// - If there is a Client FQDN and a reserved hostname, then both the
    /// FQDN and lease hostname will be equal to reserved hostname with
    /// the qualifying suffix appended.
    ///
    /// - If there is a Client FQDN but no reserved hostname then both the
    /// FQDN and lease hostname will be equal to the name provided in the
    /// client FQDN adjusted according the DhcpDdns configuration
    /// parameters (e.g.replace-client-name, qualifying suffix...).
    ///
    /// All the logic required to form appropriate answer to the client is
    /// held in this function.
    ///
    /// @param question Client's message.
    /// @param answer Server's response to a client. If server generated
    /// Client FQDN option for the client, this option is stored in this
    /// object.
    /// @param ctx client context (includes subnet, client-id, hw-addr etc.)
    void processClientFqdn(const Pkt6Ptr& question, const Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                           AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Creates a number of @c isc::dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequest objects
    /// based on the DHCPv6 Client FQDN %Option.
    ///
    /// The @c isc::dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequest class encapsulates the request
    /// from the DHCPv6 server to the DHCP-DDNS module to perform DNS Update.
    /// The FQDN option carries response to the client about DNS updates that
    /// server intends to perform for the DNS client. Based on this, the
    /// function will create zero or more @c isc::dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequest
    /// objects and store them in the internal queue.  To catch lease renewals
    /// that alter the FQDN, the function first looks at the context's changed
    /// list of leases (if any) to determine if DNS entries need to be removed.
    /// It then looks at the valid leases to determine if any DNS entries need
    /// to be added. If DNS updates are disabled, this method returns immediately.
    ///
    /// @todo Add support for multiple IAADDR options in the IA_NA.
    ///
    /// @param answer A message begins sent to the Client. If it holds the
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// Client FQDN option, this option is used to create NameChangeRequests.
    void createNameChangeRequests(const Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                                  AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Attempts to extend the lifetime of IAs.
    ///
    /// This function is called when a client sends Renew or Rebind message.
    /// It iterates through received IA options and attempts to extend
    /// corresponding lease lifetimes. Internally, it calls
    /// @c Dhcpv6Srv::extendIA_NA and @c Dhcpv6Srv::extendIA_PD to extend
    /// the lifetime of IA_NA and IA_PD leases accordingly.
    ///
    /// @param query client's Renew or Rebind message
    /// @param reply server's response
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    void extendLeases(const Pkt6Ptr& query, Pkt6Ptr& reply,
                      AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Sets the T1 and T2 timers in the outbound IA
    ///
    /// This method determines the values for both the T1 and T2
    /// timers for the given IA. It is influenced by the
    /// lease's subnet's values for renew-timer, rebind-timer,
    /// calculate-tee-times, t1-percent, and t2-percent as follows:
    ///
    /// T2:
    ///
    /// The value for T2 defaults to zero. If the rebind-timer value is
    /// specified then use it.  If not and calculate-tee-times is true, then
    /// use the value given by: preferred lease time * t2-percent.
    ///
    /// T1:
    ///
    /// The candidate value for T1 defaults to zero. If the renew-timer value
    /// is specified then use it. If not and calculate-tee-times is true, then
    /// use the value given by: preferred lease time * t1-percent.
    ///
    /// The T1 candidate will be used provided it less than to T2,
    /// otherwise it will be set T1 to zero.
    ///
    /// @param preferred_lft preferred lease time of the lease being assigned to the client
    /// @param subnet the subnet to which the lease belongs
    /// @param resp outbound IA option in which the timers are set.
    void setTeeTimes(uint32_t preferred_lft, const Subnet6Ptr& subnet, Option6IAPtr& resp);

    /// @brief Attempts to release received addresses
    ///
    /// It iterates through received IA_NA options and attempts to release
    /// received addresses. If no such leases are found, or the lease fails
    /// proper checks (e.g. belongs to someone else), a proper status
    /// code is added to reply message. Released addresses are not added
    /// to REPLY packet, just its IA_NA containers.
    /// @param release client's message asking to release
    /// @param reply server's response
    /// @param ctx client context (includes subnet, client-id, hw-addr etc.)
    void releaseLeases(const Pkt6Ptr& release, Pkt6Ptr& reply,
                       AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief converts DUID to text
    /// Converts content of DUID option to a text representation, e.g.
    /// 01:ff:02:03:06:80:90:ab:cd:ef
    ///
    /// @param opt option that contains DUID
    /// @return string representation
    static std::string duidToString(const OptionPtr& opt);

    /// @brief dummy wrapper around IfaceMgr::receive6
    ///
    /// This method is useful for testing purposes, where its replacement
    /// simulates reception of a packet. For that purpose it is protected.
    virtual Pkt6Ptr receivePacket(int timeout);

    /// @brief dummy wrapper around IfaceMgr::send()
    ///
    /// This method is useful for testing purposes, where its replacement
    /// simulates transmission of a packet. For that purpose it is protected.
    virtual void sendPacket(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Assigns incoming packet to zero or more classes.
    ///
    /// @note This is done in two phases: first the content of the
    /// vendor-class-identifier options are used as classes, by
    /// calling (private) classifyByVendor. Second, the classification match
    /// expressions are evaluated. The resulting classes will be stored
    /// in the packet (see @ref isc::dhcp::Pkt6::classes_ and
    /// @ref isc::dhcp::Pkt6::inClass).
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be classified
    void classifyPacket(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Evaluate classes.
    ///
    /// @note Second part of the classification.
    ///
    /// Evaluate expressions of client classes: if it returns true the class
    /// is added to the incoming packet.
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be classified.
    /// @param depend_on_known if false classes depending on the KNOWN or
    /// UNKNOWN classes are skipped, if true only these classes are evaluated.
    void evaluateClasses(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt, bool depend_on_known);

    /// @brief Removed evaluated client classes.
    ///
    /// @todo: keep the list of dependent evaluated classes so
    /// remove only them.
    ///
    /// @param pkt the packet.
    static void removeDependentEvaluatedClasses(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Assigns classes retrieved from host reservation database.
    ///
    /// @param pkt Pointer to the packet to which classes will be assigned.
    /// @param ctx Reference to the client context.
    void setReservedClientClasses(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt,
                                  const AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Assigns classes retrieved from host reservation database
    /// if they haven't been yet set.
    ///
    /// This function sets reserved client classes in case they haven't
    /// been set after fetching host reservations from the database.
    /// This is the case when the client has non-global host reservation
    /// and the selected subnet belongs to a shared network.
    ///
    /// @param pkt Pointer to the packet to which classes will be assigned.
    /// @param ctx Reference to the client context.
    void conditionallySetReservedClientClasses(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt,
                                               const AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Assigns incoming packet to zero or more classes (required pass).
    ///
    /// @note This required classification evaluates all classes which
    /// were marked for required evaluation. Classes are collected so
    /// evaluated in the reversed order than output option processing.
    ///
    /// @note The only-if-required flag is related because it avoids
    /// double evaluation (which is not forbidden).
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be classified
    /// @param ctx allocation context where to get information
    void requiredClassify(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt, AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Attempts to get a MAC/hardware address using configured sources
    ///
    /// Tries to extract MAC/hardware address information from the packet
    /// using MAC sources configured in 'mac-sources' configuration parameter.
    ///
    /// @param pkt will try to exact MAC address from this packet
    /// @return HWaddr pointer (or NULL if configured methods fail)
    static HWAddrPtr getMAC(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Processes Relay-supplied options, if present
    ///
    /// This method implements RFC6422. It checks if there are any RSOO options
    /// inserted by the relay agents in the query message. If there are, they
    /// are copied over to the response if they meet the following criteria:
    /// - the option is marked as RSOO-enabled (see relay-supplied-options
    ///   configuration parameter)
    /// - there is no such option provided by the server)
    void processRSOO(const Pkt6Ptr& query, const Pkt6Ptr& rsp);

    /// @brief Initializes client context for specified packet
    ///
    /// This method:
    /// - Extracts the duid from the packet and saves it to the context
    /// - Extracts the hardware address from the packet and saves it to
    /// the context
    /// - Performs host reservation lookup and stores the result in the
    /// context
    ///
    /// Even though the incoming packet type is known to this method, it
    /// doesn't set the @c fake_allocation flag, because of a possibility
    /// that the Rapid Commit option is in use. The @c fake_allocation
    /// flag is set appropriately after it has been determined whether
    /// the Rapid Commit option was included and that the server respects
    /// it.
    ///
    /// @param [out] ctx reference to context object to be initialized.
    /// @param [out] drop if it is true the packet will be dropped.
    void initContext(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx, bool& drop);

    /// @brief this is a prefix added to the content of vendor-class option
    ///
    /// If incoming packet has a vendor class option, its content is
    /// prepended with this prefix and then interpreted as a class.
    /// For example, a packet that sends vendor class with value of "FOO"
    /// will cause the packet to be assigned to class VENDOR_CLASS_FOO.
    static const std::string VENDOR_CLASS_PREFIX;

    /// @brief Attempts to decline all leases in specified Decline message.
    ///
    /// This method iterates over all IA_NA options and calls @ref declineIA on
    /// each of them.
    ///
    /// @param decline Decline message sent by a client
    /// @param reply Server's response (IA_NA with status will be added here)
    /// @param ctx context
    /// @return true when expected to continue, false when hooks told us to drop
    ///         the packet
    bool declineLeases(const Pkt6Ptr& decline, Pkt6Ptr& reply,
                       AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Declines leases in a single IA_NA option
    ///
    /// This method iterates over all addresses in this IA_NA, verifies
    /// whether they belong to the client and calls @ref declineLease. If there's
    /// an error, general_status (a status put in the top level scope), will be
    /// updated.
    ///
    /// @param decline client's Decline message
    /// @param duid client's duid (used to verify if the client owns the lease)
    /// @param general_status [out] status in top-level message (may be updated)
    /// @param ia specific IA_NA option to process.
    /// @param new_leases a collection of leases being declined.
    /// @return IA_NA option with response (to be included in Reply message)
    OptionPtr
    declineIA(const Pkt6Ptr& decline, const DuidPtr& duid, int& general_status,
              boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA> ia, Lease6Collection& new_leases);

    /// @brief Declines specific IPv6 lease.
    ///
    /// This method performs the actual decline and all necessary operations:
    /// - cleans up DNS, if necessary
    /// - updates subnet[X].declined-addresses (per subnet stat)
    /// - updates declined-addresses (global stat)
    /// - disassociates client information from the lease
    /// - moves the lease to DECLINED state
    /// - sets lease expiration time to decline-probation-period
    /// - adds status-code success
    ///
    /// @param decline used for generating removal Name Change Request.
    /// @param lease lease to be declined
    /// @param ia_rsp response IA_NA.
    /// @return true when expected to continue, false when hooks told us to drop
    ///         the packet
    bool declineLease(const Pkt6Ptr& decline, const Lease6Ptr lease,
                      boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA> ia_rsp);

    /// @brief A simple utility method that sets the status code
    ///
    /// Removes old status code and sets a new one.
    /// @param container status code will be added here
    /// @param status status code option
    void setStatusCode(boost::shared_ptr<Option6IA>& container,
                       const OptionPtr& status);

    /// @brief Iterates over new leases, update stale DNS entries
    ///
    /// Checks the context's current subnet (most recently selected) against
    /// an original selected subnet.  If they are the same the function
    /// simply returns.
    ///
    /// If they differ, we treat this as a dynamic subnet change made by the
    /// allocation engine. It is possible that DDNS subnet parameters for
    /// the new subnet are different and this needs to handled. We first
    /// save the current DNS-related values from the context and then
    /// re-run processClientFqdn().  This will rebuild the FQDN option
    /// to send back to the client based on the new subnet as well as
    /// update the context.  If the new values are different from the
    /// previous values, we iterate over the leases and update the
    /// DNS values.
    ///
    /// @param question Client's message.
    /// @param answer Server's response to a client. If server generated
    /// @param ctx client context (contains subnet, duid and other parameters)
    /// @param orig_subnet the originally selected subnet
    ///
    /// @note
    /// Subnet may be modified by the allocation engine, if the initial subnet
    /// belongs to a shared network.  Note that this will only handle cases
    /// where all IA_xx's in a client request result in a subnet change.  It is
    /// possible, currently, for the last IA_xx in request to end up using the
    /// same subnet as originally selected, and we will miss a change incurred
    /// by preceding IA_xx's.  In general users should be strongly encouraged to
    /// avoid situations where all of the following are true:
    ///
    /// 1. clients send more than one IA_xx in a query
    /// 2. subnets in the shared-network are equally eligible (i.e don't have
    /// class guards etc)
    /// 3. subnets have differing options or DDNS parameters
    //
    void checkDynamicSubnetChange(const Pkt6Ptr& question, Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                                  AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                                  const Subnet6Ptr orig_subnet);
public:

    /// Used for DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 too.

    /// @brief Check if the last relay added a relay-source-port option.
    ///
    /// @param query DHCPv6 message to be checked.
    /// @return the port to use to join the relay or 0 for the default.
    static uint16_t checkRelaySourcePort(const Pkt6Ptr& query);

private:

    /// @brief Assign class using vendor-class-identifier options
    ///
    /// @note This is the first part of @ref classifyPacket
    ///
    /// @param pkt packet to be classified
    void classifyByVendor(const Pkt6Ptr& pkt);

    /// @brief Update FQDN based on the reservations in the current subnet.
    ///
    /// When shared networks are in use the allocation engine may switch to
    /// a different subnet than originally selected. If this new subnet has
    /// hostname reservations there is a need to update the FQDN option
    /// value.
    ///
    /// This method should be called after lease assignments to perform
    /// such update when required.
    ///
    /// @param ctx Client context.
    /// @param answer Message being sent to a client, which may hold an FQDN
    /// option to be updated.
    ///
    /// @throw isc::Unexpected if specified message is NULL. This is treated
    /// as a programmatic error.
    void updateReservedFqdn(AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx,
                            const Pkt6Ptr& answer);

    /// @private
    /// @brief Generate FQDN to be sent to a client if none exists.
    ///
    /// This function is meant to be called by the functions which process
    /// client's messages. The function should be called after a function
    /// which creates FQDN option for the client. This option must exist
    /// in the answer message specified as an argument. It must also be
    /// called after functions which assign leases for a client. The
    /// IA options being a result of lease acquisition must be appended
    /// to the message specified as a parameter.
    ///
    /// If the Client FQDN option being present in the message carries empty
    /// hostname, this function will attempt to generate hostname from the
    /// IPv6 address being acquired by the client. The IPv6 address is retrieved
    /// from the IA_NA option carried in the specified message. If multiple
    /// addresses are present in the particular IA_NA option or multiple IA_NA
    /// options exist, the first address found is selected.
    ///
    /// The IPv6 address is converted to the hostname using the following
    /// pattern:
    /// @code
    ///     prefix-converted-ip-address.domain-name-suffix.
    /// @endcode
    /// where:
    /// - prefix is a configurable prefix string appended to all auto-generated
    /// hostnames.
    /// - converted-ip-address is created by replacing all colons from the IPv6
    /// address with hyphens.
    /// - domain-name-suffix is a suffix for a domain name that, together with
    /// the other parts, constitute the fully qualified domain name.
    ///
    /// When hostname is successfully generated, it is either used to update
    /// FQDN-related fields in a lease database or to update the Client FQDN
    /// option being sent back to the client. The lease database update is
    /// NOT performed if Advertise message is being processed.
    ///
    /// @param answer Message being sent to a client, which may hold IA_NA
    /// and Client FQDN options to be used to generate name for a client.
    /// @param ctx Client context.
    ///
    /// @throw isc::Unexpected if specified message is NULL. This is treated
    /// as a programmatic error.
    void generateFqdn(const Pkt6Ptr& answer,
                      AllocEngine::ClientContext6& ctx);

    /// @brief Updates statistics for received packets
    /// @param query packet received
    static void processStatsReceived(const Pkt6Ptr& query);

    /// @brief Checks if the specified option code has been requested using
    /// the Option Request option.
    ///
    /// @param query Pointer to the client's query.
    /// @parma code Option code.
    ///
    /// @return true if option has been requested in the ORO.
    bool requestedInORO(const Pkt6Ptr& query, const uint16_t code) const;

    /// @brief Check if the parking limit has been exceeded for given hook label.
    ///
    /// @brief hook_label Hook point name.
    ///
    /// @return tuple with boolean value concluding whether the limit has been
    /// exceeded, and the integer limit as a second value.
    static std::tuple<bool, uint32_t> parkingLimitExceeded(std::string const& hook_label);

protected:
    /// UDP port number on which server listens.
    uint16_t server_port_;

    /// UDP port number to which server sends all responses.
    uint16_t client_port_;

public:

    /// @note used by DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 so must be public and static

    /// @brief Updates statistics for transmitted packets
    /// @param response packet transmitted
    static void processStatsSent(const Pkt6Ptr& response);

    /// @brief Returns the index of the buffer6_send hook
    /// @return the index of the buffer6_send hook
    static int getHookIndexBuffer6Send();

    /// @brief Executes buffer6_send callout and sends the response.
    ///
    /// @param callout_handle pointer to the callout handle.
    /// @param rsp pointer to a response.
    void processPacketBufferSend(hooks::CalloutHandlePtr& callout_handle,
                                 Pkt6Ptr& rsp);

    /// @brief Return a list of all paths that contain passwords or secrets for
    /// kea-dhcp6.
    ///
    /// @return the list of lists of sequential JSON map keys needed to reach
    /// the passwords and secrets.
    std::list<std::list<std::string>> jsonPathsToRedact() const final override;

protected:

    /// Server DUID (to be sent in server-identifier option)
    OptionPtr serverid_;

    /// Indicates if shutdown is in progress. Setting it to true will
    /// initiate server shutdown procedure.
    volatile bool shutdown_;

    /// @brief Executes pkt6_send callout.
    ///
    /// @param callout_handle pointer to the callout handle.
    /// @param query Pointer to a query.
    /// @param rsp Pointer to a response.
    /// @param subnet A pointer to the selected subnet.
    void processPacketPktSend(hooks::CalloutHandlePtr& callout_handle,
                              Pkt6Ptr& query, Pkt6Ptr& rsp, Subnet6Ptr& subnet);

    /// @brief Allocation Engine.
    /// Pointer to the allocation engine that we are currently using
    /// It must be a pointer, because we will support changing engines
    /// during normal operation (e.g. to use different allocators)
    boost::shared_ptr<AllocEngine> alloc_engine_;

    /// Holds a list of @c isc::dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequest objects, which
    /// are waiting for sending to kea-dhcp-ddns module.
    std::queue<isc::dhcp_ddns::NameChangeRequest> name_change_reqs_;

    /// @brief Holds information about disabled DHCP service and/or
    /// disabled subnet/network scopes.
    NetworkStatePtr network_state_;

    /// @brief Controls access to the configuration backends.
    CBControlDHCPv6Ptr cb_control_;
};

}  // namespace dhcp
}  // namespace isc

#endif // DHCP6_SRV_H