Cppcheck report - cppcheck report: src/lib/dhcpsrv/tests/host_unittest.cc

// Copyright (C) 2014-2024 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#include <config.h>

#include <dhcpsrv/host.h>
#include <dhcp/option_space.h>
#include <testutils/gtest_utils.h>
#include <util/encode/encode.h>
#include <util/range_utilities.h>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/scoped_ptr.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <gtest/gtest.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <cstdlib><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <unordered_set><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <sstream><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

using namespace isc;
using namespace isc::dhcp;
using namespace isc::asiolink;
using namespace isc::data;
using namespace std;

namespace {

/// @brief Holds a type of the last identifier in @c IdentifierType enum.
///
/// This value must be updated when new identifiers are added to the enum.
const Host::IdentifierType LAST_IDENTIFIER_TYPE = Host::IDENT_CLIENT_ID;

// This test verifies that it is possible to create IPv6 address
// reservation.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, constructorAddress) {
    IPv6Resrv resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe"));
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:1::cafe", resrv.getPrefix().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ(128, resrv.getPrefixLen());
    EXPECT_EQ(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, resrv.getType());
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create IPv6 prefix
// reservation.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, constructorPrefix) {
    IPv6Resrv resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 64);
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:1::", resrv.getPrefix().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ(64, resrv.getPrefixLen());
    EXPECT_EQ(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, resrv.getType());
}

// This test verifies that the toText() function prints correctly.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, toText) {
    IPv6Resrv resrv_prefix(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 64);
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:1::/64", resrv_prefix.toText());

    IPv6Resrv resrv_address(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8:111::23"));
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:111::23", resrv_address.toText());
}

// This test verifies that invalid prefix is rejected.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, constructorInvalidPrefix) {
    // IPv4 address is invalid for IPv6 reservation.
    string expected = "invalid prefix '10.0.0.1' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("10.0.0.1"), 128),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    // Multicast address is invalid for IPv6 reservation.
    expected = "invalid prefix 'ff02:1::2' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("ff02:1::2"), 128),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that invalid prefix length is rejected.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, constructiorInvalidPrefixLength) {
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"),
                              128));
    string expected = "invalid prefix length '129' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 129),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    expected = "invalid prefix length '244' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                           IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 244),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    expected = "invalid prefix length '64' for reserved IPv6 address, expected 128";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 64),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to modify prefix and its
// length in an existing reservation.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, setPrefix) {
    // Create a reservation using an address and prefix length 128.
    IPv6Resrv resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1"));
    ASSERT_EQ("2001:db8:1::1", resrv.getPrefix().toText());
    ASSERT_EQ(128, resrv.getPrefixLen());
    ASSERT_EQ(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, resrv.getType());

    // Modify the reservation to use a prefix having a length of 48.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(resrv.set(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48));
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::", resrv.getPrefix().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ(48, resrv.getPrefixLen());
    EXPECT_EQ(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, resrv.getType());

    // IPv4 address is invalid for IPv6 reservation.
    string expected = "invalid prefix '10.0.0.1' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(resrv.set(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("10.0.0.1"), 128),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    // IPv6 multicast address is invalid for IPv6 reservation.
    expected = "invalid prefix 'ff02::1:2' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(resrv.set(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("ff02::1:2"), 128),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    // Prefix length greater than 128 is invalid.
    expected = "invalid prefix length '129' for new IPv6 reservation";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(resrv.set(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 129),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to manage prefix exclude option.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, setPrefixExcludeOption) {
    // Create a reservation using a prefix having a length of 48.
    IPv6Resrv resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48);

    // Add a Prefix Exclude option.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(resrv.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8:0:1::"), 64));
    Option6PDExcludePtr opt = resrv.getPDExclude();
    EXPECT_TRUE(opt);
    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:0:1::",
              opt->getExcludedPrefix(resrv.getPrefix(),
                                     resrv.getPrefixLen()).toText());
    EXPECT_EQ(64, opt->getExcludedPrefixLength());
    string expected = "2001:db8::/48 (excluded_prefix=2001:db8:0:1::/64)";
    EXPECT_EQ(expected, resrv.toText());

    // Length 0 means remove.
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(resrv.setPDExclude(IOAddress("1.2.3.4"), 0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(resrv.getPDExclude());

    // Set also removes the option.
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(resrv.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8:0:1::"), 64));
    EXPECT_TRUE(resrv.getPDExclude());
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(resrv.set(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48));
    EXPECT_FALSE(resrv.getPDExclude());

    // Error case: the excluded prefix not in the (delegated) prefix.
    expected = "excluded prefix 2001:db8:1::/64 must have the same common";
    expected += " prefix part of 48 as the delegated prefix";
    expected += " 2001:db8::/48";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(resrv.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8:1::"), 64),
                     BadValue, expected);

    // Error case: the excluded prefix length must be less than the
    // (delegated) prefix.
    expected = "length of the excluded prefix 2001:db8::/48";
    expected += " must be greater than the length of the delegated prefix";
    expected += " 2001:db8::/48";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(resrv.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48),
                     BadValue, expected);
}

// This test checks that the equality operators work fine.
TEST(IPv6ResrvTest, equal) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64) ==
                IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64));

    EXPECT_FALSE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64) !=
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64));

    EXPECT_TRUE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")) ==
                IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")) !=
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")));

    EXPECT_FALSE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")) ==
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::2")));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1")) !=
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::2")));

    EXPECT_FALSE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64) ==
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 64) !=
                IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::"), 48));

    EXPECT_FALSE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1"), 128) ==
                 IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::1"), 128));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA, IOAddress("2001:db8::1"), 128) !=
                IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8::1"), 128));
}

/// @brief Test fixture class for @c Host.
class HostTest : public ::testing::Test {
public:

    /// @brief Constructor.
    ///
    /// Re-initializes random number generator.
    HostTest() {
        srand(1);
    }

    /// @brief Checks if the reservation is in the range of reservations.
    ///
    /// @param resrv Reservation to be searched for.
    /// @param range Range of reservations returned by the @c Host object
    /// in which the reservation will be searched.
    ///
    /// @return true if reservation exists, false otherwise.
    bool
    reservationExists(const IPv6Resrv& resrv, const IPv6ResrvRange& range) {
        BOOST_FOREACH(auto const& it, range) {
            if (resrv == it.second) {
                return (true);
            }
        }
        return (false);
    }

    /// @brief Returns upper bound of the supported identifier types.
    ///
    /// Some unit tests verify the @c Host class behavior for all
    /// supported identifier types. The unit test needs to iterate
    /// over all supported identifier types and thus it must be
    /// aware of the upper bound of the @c Host::IdentifierType
    /// enum. The upper bound is the numeric representation of the
    /// last identifier type plus 1.
    unsigned int
    identifierTypeUpperBound()  const {
        return (static_cast<unsigned int>(LAST_IDENTIFIER_TYPE) + 1);
    }
};

// This test verifies that expected identifier max length is returned.
TEST_F(HostTest, getIdentifierMaxLength) {
    EXPECT_EQ(20, Host::getIdentifierMaxLength(Host::IDENT_HWADDR));
    EXPECT_EQ(130, Host::getIdentifierMaxLength(Host::IDENT_DUID));
    EXPECT_EQ(128, Host::getIdentifierMaxLength(Host::IDENT_CIRCUIT_ID));
    EXPECT_EQ(255, Host::getIdentifierMaxLength(Host::IDENT_CLIENT_ID));
    EXPECT_EQ(128, Host::getIdentifierMaxLength(Host::IDENT_FLEX));
}

// This test verifies that correct identifier name is returned for
// a given identifier name and that an error is reported for an
// unsupported identifier name.
TEST_F(HostTest, getIdentifier) {
    EXPECT_EQ(Host::IDENT_HWADDR, Host::getIdentifierType("hw-address"));
    EXPECT_EQ(Host::IDENT_DUID, Host::getIdentifierType("duid"));
    EXPECT_EQ(Host::IDENT_CIRCUIT_ID, Host::getIdentifierType("circuit-id"));
    EXPECT_EQ(Host::IDENT_CLIENT_ID, Host::getIdentifierType("client-id"));
    EXPECT_EQ(Host::IDENT_FLEX, Host::getIdentifierType("flex-id"));

    string expected = "invalid client identifier type 'unsupported'";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host::getIdentifierType("unsupported"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create a Host object
// using hardware address in the textual format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromHWAddrString) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "somehost.example.org",
                                        string(), string(),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.0.2"),
                                        "server-hostname.example.org",
                                        "bootfile.efi", AuthKey("12345678"))));
    // The HW address should be set to non-null.
    HWAddrPtr hwaddr = host->getHWAddress();
    ASSERT_TRUE(hwaddr);

    EXPECT_EQ("hwtype=1 01:02:03:04:05:06", hwaddr->toText());

    // DUID should be null if hardware address is in use.
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getDuid());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ(2, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.3", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("somehost.example.org", host->getHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.0.2", host->getNextServer().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("server-hostname.example.org", host->getServerHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("bootfile.efi", host->getBootFileName());
    EXPECT_EQ("12345678", host->getKey().toText());
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

    // Use invalid identifier name
    string expected = "invalid client identifier type 'bogus'";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "bogus",
                          SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);

    // Use invalid HW address.
    expected = "invalid host identifier value '01:0203040506'";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host("01:0203040506", "hw-address",
                          SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);

    // Use too long HW address.
    string too_long = "00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f";
    too_long += ":10:11:12:13:14";
    expected = "too long client identifier type hw-address length 21";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host(too_long, "hw-address", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create Host object using
// a DUID in the textual format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromDUIDString) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("a1:b2:c3:d4:e5:06", "duid",
                                        SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                        "me.example.org")));

    // DUID should be set to non-null value.
    DuidPtr duid = host->getDuid();
    ASSERT_TRUE(duid);

    EXPECT_EQ("a1:b2:c3:d4:e5:06", duid->toText());

    // Hardware address must be null if DUID is in use.
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getHWAddress());

    EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

    // Use invalid DUID.
    string expected = "invalid host identifier value 'bogus'";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host("bogus", "duid", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);

    // Empty DUID (and identifiers in general) is also not allowed.
    expected = "empty host identifier used";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host("", "duid", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host("", "flex-id", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);

    // Too long DUID (and identifiers in general, hardware addresses are
    // shorter) is not allowed too.
    string too_long = "00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f";
    too_long += ":10:11:12:13:14:15:16:17:18:19:1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f";
    too_long += ":20:21:22:23:24:25:26:27:28:29:2a:2b:2c:2d:2e:2f";
    too_long += ":30:31:32:33:34:35:36:37:38:39:3a:3b:3c:3d:3e:3f";
    too_long += ":40:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:49:4a:4b:4c:4d:4e:4f";
    too_long += ":50:51:52:53:54:55:56:57:58:59:5a:5b:5c:5d:5e:5f";
    too_long += ":60:61:62:63:64:65:66:67:68:69:6a:6b:6c:6d:6e:6f";
    too_long += ":70:71:72:73:74:75:76:77:78:79:7a:7b:7c:7d:7e:7f";
    too_long += ":80:81:ff";
    expected = "too long client identifier type duid length 131";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host(too_long, "duid", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    expected = "too long client identifier type circuit-id length 131";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(Host(too_long, "circuit-id", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                          IOAddress("192.0.2.3"), "somehost.example.org"),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create Host object using
// hardware address in the binary format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromHWAddrBinary) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Prepare the hardware address in binary format.
    const uint8_t hwaddr_data[] = {
        0xaa, 0xab, 0xca, 0xda, 0xbb, 0xee
    };
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(hwaddr_data,
                                        sizeof(hwaddr_data),
                                        Host::IDENT_HWADDR,
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "somehost.example.org",
                                        string(), string(),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.0.2"),
                                        "server-hostname.example.org",
                                        "bootfile.efi", AuthKey("0abc1234"))));

    // Hardware address should be non-null.
    HWAddrPtr hwaddr = host->getHWAddress();
    ASSERT_TRUE(hwaddr);

    EXPECT_EQ("hwtype=1 aa:ab:ca:da:bb:ee", hwaddr->toText());

    // DUID should be null if hardware address is in use.
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getDuid());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ(2, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.3", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("somehost.example.org", host->getHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.0.2", host->getNextServer().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("server-hostname.example.org", host->getServerHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("bootfile.efi", host->getBootFileName());
    EXPECT_EQ("0ABC1234", host->getKey().toText());
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

    uint8_t too_long[21];
    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 21; ++i) {
        too_long[i] = i;
    }
    string expected = "too long client identifier type hw-address length 21";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host.reset(new Host(too_long,
                                         sizeof(too_long),
                                         Host::IDENT_HWADDR,
                                         SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                         IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                         "somehost.example.org",
                                         string(), string(),
                                         IOAddress("192.0.0.2"))),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create a Host object using
// DUID in the binary format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromDuidBinary) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Prepare DUID binary.
    const uint8_t duid_data[] = {
        1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
    };
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(duid_data,
                                        sizeof(duid_data),
                                        Host::IDENT_DUID,
                                        SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                        "me.example.org")));
    // DUID should be non null.
    DuidPtr duid = host->getDuid();
    ASSERT_TRUE(duid);

    EXPECT_EQ("01:02:03:04:05:06", duid->toText());

    // Hardware address should be null if DUID is in use.
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getHWAddress());
    EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

    uint8_t too_long[DUID::MAX_DUID_LEN + 1];
    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < sizeof(too_long); ++i) {
        too_long[i] = i;
    }
    string expected = "too long client identifier type duid length 131";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host.reset(new Host(too_long,
                                         sizeof(too_long),
                                         Host::IDENT_DUID,
                                         SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                         IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                         "me.example.org")),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible create Host instance using all
// supported identifiers in a binary format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromIdentifierBinary) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Iterate over all supported identifier types.
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < identifierTypeUpperBound(); ++i) {
        const Host::IdentifierType type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(i);
        // Create identifier of variable length and fill with random values.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        // Try to create a Host instance using this identifier.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(&identifier[0], identifier.size(),
                                            type, SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                            IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                            "me.example.org")));

        // Retrieve identifier from Host instance and check if it is correct.
        const vector<uint8_t>& identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    }
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create Host instance using
// all supported identifiers in hexadecimal format.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromIdentifierHex) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Iterate over all supported identifiers.
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < identifierTypeUpperBound(); ++i) {
        const Host::IdentifierType type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(i);
        // Create identifier of a variable length.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        // HW address is a special case, because it must contain colons
        // between consecutive octets.
        HWAddrPtr hwaddr;
        if (type == Host::IDENT_HWADDR) {
            hwaddr.reset(new HWAddr(identifier, HTYPE_ETHER));
        }

        // Convert identifier to hexadecimal representation.
        const string identifier_hex = (hwaddr ?
                                            hwaddr->toText(false) :
                                            util::encode::encodeHex(identifier));
        const string identifier_name = Host::getIdentifierName(type);

        // Try to create Host instance.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(identifier_hex, identifier_name,
                                            SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                            IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                            "me.example.org")))
            << "test failed for " << identifier_name << "="
            << identifier_hex;

        // Retrieve the identifier from the Host instance and verify if it
        // is correct.
        const vector<uint8_t>& identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    }
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to create Host instance using
// identifiers specified as text in quotes.
TEST_F(HostTest, createFromIdentifierString) {
    HostPtr host;
    // It is not allowed to specify HW address or DUID as a string in quotes.
    for (unsigned int i = 2; i < identifierTypeUpperBound(); ++i) {
        const Host::IdentifierType type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(i);
        const string identifier_name = Host::getIdentifierName(type);

        // Construct unique identifier for a host. This is a string
        // consisting of a word "identifier", hyphen and the name of
        // the identifier, e.g. "identifier-hw-address".
        ostringstream identifier_without_quotes;
        identifier_without_quotes << "identifier-" << identifier_name;

        // Insert quotes to the identifier to indicate to the Host
        // constructor that it is encoded as a text.
        ostringstream identifier;
        identifier << "'" << identifier_without_quotes.str() << "'";

        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(identifier.str(), identifier_name,
                                            SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                            IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                            "me.example.org")))
            << "test failed for " << identifier_name << "="
            << identifier.str();

        // Get the identifier from the Host and convert it back to the string
        // format, so as it can be compared with the identifier used during
        // Host object construction.
        const vector<uint8_t>& identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        const string identifier_returned_str(identifier_returned.begin(),
                                                  identifier_returned.end());
        // Exclude quotes in comparison. Quotes should have been removed.
        EXPECT_EQ(identifier_without_quotes.str(), identifier_returned_str);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    }
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to override a host identifier
// using setIdentifier method with an identifier specified in
// hexadecimal format.
TEST_F(HostTest, setIdentifierHex) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Iterate over all supported identifiers.
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < identifierTypeUpperBound(); ++i) {

        // In order to test that setIdentifier replaces an existing
        // identifier we have to initialize Host with a different
        // identifier first. We pick the next identifier after the
        // one we want to set. If 'i' points to the last one, we
        // use the first one.
        unsigned int j = (i + 1) % identifierTypeUpperBound();

        Host::IdentifierType type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(j);
        // Create identifier of a variable length.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        // HW address is a special case, because it must contain colons
        // between consecutive octets.
        HWAddrPtr hwaddr;
        if (type == Host::IDENT_HWADDR) {
            hwaddr.reset(new HWAddr(identifier, HTYPE_ETHER));
        }

        // Convert identifier to hexadecimal representation.
        string identifier_hex = (hwaddr ?
                                      hwaddr->toText(false) :
                                      util::encode::encodeHex(identifier));
        string identifier_name = Host::getIdentifierName(type);

        // Try to create Host instance.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(identifier_hex, identifier_name,
                                            SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                            IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                            "me.example.org")))
            << "test failed for " << identifier_name << "="
            << identifier_hex;

        // Retrieve the identifier from the Host instance and verify if it
        // is correct.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

        // Now use another identifier.
        type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(i);
        // Create identifier of a variable length.
        identifier.resize(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        hwaddr.reset();
        if (type == Host::IDENT_HWADDR) {
            hwaddr.reset(new HWAddr(identifier, HTYPE_ETHER));
        }

        // Convert identifier to hexadecimal representation.
        identifier_hex = (hwaddr ? hwaddr->toText(false) :
                          util::encode::encodeHex(identifier));
        identifier_name = Host::getIdentifierName(type);

        // Try to replace identifier for a host.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host->setIdentifier(identifier_hex, identifier_name))
            << "test failed for " << identifier_name << "="
            << identifier_hex;

        // Retrieve the identifier from the Host instance and verify if it
        // is correct.
        identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    }
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to override a host identifier
// using setIdentifier method with an identifier specified in binary
// format.
TEST_F(HostTest, setIdentifierBinary) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Iterate over all supported identifier types.
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < identifierTypeUpperBound(); ++i) {

        // In order to test that setIdentifier replaces an existing
        // identifier we have to initialize Host with a different
        // identifier first. We pick the next identifier after the
        // one we want to set. If 'i' points to the last one, we
        // use the first one.
        unsigned int j = (i + 1) % identifierTypeUpperBound();

        Host::IdentifierType type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(j);
        // Create identifier of variable length and fill with random values.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        // Try to create a Host instance using this identifier.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(&identifier[0], identifier.size(),
                                            type, SubnetID(10), SubnetID(20),
                                            IOAddress("192.0.2.5"),
                                            "me.example.org")));

        // Retrieve identifier from Host instance and check if it is correct.
        vector<uint8_t> identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());

        type = static_cast<Host::IdentifierType>(i);
        // Create identifier of variable length and fill with random values.
        identifier.resize(random() % 14 + 6);
        util::fillRandom(identifier.begin(), identifier.end());

        // Try to set new identifier.
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host->setIdentifier(&identifier[0], identifier.size(),
                                            type));

        // Retrieve identifier from Host instance and check if it is correct.
        identifier_returned = host->getIdentifier();
        EXPECT_TRUE(identifier_returned == identifier);
        EXPECT_EQ(type, host->getIdentifierType());

        EXPECT_EQ(10, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ(20, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
        EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.5", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
        EXPECT_EQ("me.example.org", host->getHostname());
        EXPECT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    }
}

// This test verifies that the IPv6 reservations of a different type can
// be added for the host.
TEST_F(HostTest, addReservations) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"))));

    EXPECT_FALSE(host->hasIPv6Reservation());

    // Add 4 reservations: 2 for NAs, 2 for PDs
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(<--- There is an unknown macro here somewhere. Configuration is required. If ASSERT_NO_THROW is a macro then please configure it.
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe")));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1:1::"), 64));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2::"), 64));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")));
    );

    EXPECT_TRUE(host->hasIPv6Reservation());

    // Check that reservations exist.
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->hasReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe"))));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->hasReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1:1::"),
                                               64)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->hasReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2::"),
                                               64)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->hasReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                               IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1"))));

    // Get only NA reservations.
    IPv6ResrvRange addresses = host->getIPv6Reservations(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, std::distance(addresses.first, addresses.second));
    EXPECT_TRUE(reservationExists(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                            IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe")),
                                  addresses));
    EXPECT_TRUE(reservationExists(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                            IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")),
                                  addresses));


    // Get only PD reservations.
    IPv6ResrvRange prefixes = host->getIPv6Reservations(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, std::distance(prefixes.first, prefixes.second));
    EXPECT_TRUE(reservationExists(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                            IOAddress("2001:db8:1:1::"), 64),
                                  prefixes));
    EXPECT_TRUE(reservationExists(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                            IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2::"), 64),
                                  prefixes));
}

// This test checks that various modifiers may be used to replace the current
// values of the Host class.
TEST_F(HostTest, setValues) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "some-host.eXAMple.org")));

    ASSERT_EQ(1, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    ASSERT_EQ(2, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    ASSERT_EQ("192.0.2.3", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    ASSERT_EQ("some-host.eXAMple.org", host->getHostname());
    ASSERT_EQ("some-host.example.org", host->getLowerHostname());
    ASSERT_FALSE(host->getContext());
    ASSERT_FALSE(host->getNegative());

    host->setIPv4SubnetID(SubnetID(123));
    host->setIPv6SubnetID(SubnetID(234));
    host->setIPv4Reservation(IOAddress("10.0.0.1"));
    host->setHostname("other-host.eXAMple.org");
    host->setNextServer(IOAddress("192.0.2.2"));
    host->setServerHostname("server-hostname.example.org");
    host->setBootFileName("bootfile.efi");
    const vector<uint8_t>& random_value(AuthKey::getRandomKeyString());
    host->setKey(AuthKey(random_value));
    string user_context = "{ \"foo\": \"bar\" }";
    host->setContext(Element::fromJSON(user_context));
    host->setNegative(true);

    EXPECT_EQ(123, host->getIPv4SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ(234, host->getIPv6SubnetID());
    EXPECT_EQ("10.0.0.1", host->getIPv4Reservation().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("other-host.eXAMple.org", host->getHostname());
    ASSERT_EQ("other-host.example.org", host->getLowerHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.2", host->getNextServer().toText());
    EXPECT_EQ("server-hostname.example.org", host->getServerHostname());
    EXPECT_EQ("bootfile.efi", host->getBootFileName());
    EXPECT_EQ(random_value, host->getKey().getAuthKey());
    ASSERT_TRUE(host->getContext());
    EXPECT_EQ(user_context, host->getContext()->str());
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getNegative());

    // Remove IPv4 reservation.
    host->removeIPv4Reservation();
    EXPECT_EQ(IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS(), host->getIPv4Reservation());

    // An IPv6 address can't be used for IPv4 reservations.
    string expected = "address '2001:db8:1::1' is not a valid IPv4 address";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host->setIPv4Reservation(IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    // Zero address can't be set, the removeIPv4Reservation should be
    // used instead.
    expected = "must not make reservation for the '0.0.0.0' address";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host->setIPv4Reservation(IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS()),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    // Broadcast address can't be set.
    expected = "must not make reservation for the '255.255.255.255' address";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host->setIPv4Reservation(IOAddress::IPV4_BCAST_ADDRESS()),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);

    // Broadcast and IPv6 are invalid addresses for next server.
    expected = "invalid next server address '255.255.255.255'";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host->setNextServer(asiolink::IOAddress::IPV4_BCAST_ADDRESS()),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
    expected = "next server address '2001:db8:1::1' is not a valid IPv4 address";
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(host->setNextServer(IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")),
                     isc::BadValue, expected);
}

// Test that Host constructors initialize client classes from string.
TEST_F(HostTest, clientClassesFromConstructor) {
    HostPtr host;
    // Prepare the hardware address in binary format.
    const uint8_t hwaddr_data[] = {
        0xaa, 0xab, 0xca, 0xda, 0xbb, 0xee
    };

    // Try the "from binary" constructor.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host(hwaddr_data,
                                        sizeof(hwaddr_data),
                                        Host::IDENT_HWADDR,
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "somehost.example.org",
                                        "alpha, , beta",
                                        "gamma")));

    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("alpha"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("beta"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("gamma"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("gamma"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("alpha"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("beta"));

    // Try the "from string" constructor.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "somehost.example.org",
                                        "alpha, beta, gamma",
                                        "beta, gamma")));

    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("alpha"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("beta"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("gamma"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("alpha"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("beta"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("gamma"));
}

// Test that new client classes can be added for the Host.
TEST_F(HostTest, addClientClasses) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"))));

    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("bar"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("bar"));

    host->addClientClass4("foo");
    host->addClientClass6("bar");
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("bar"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("bar"));

    host->addClientClass4("bar");
    host->addClientClass6("foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("foo"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses4().contains("bar"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(host->getClientClasses6().contains("bar"));
}

// This test checks that it is possible to add DHCPv4 options for a host.
TEST_F(HostTest, addOptions4) {
    Host host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
              IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));

    // Differentiate options by their codes (100-109)
    for (uint16_t code = 100; code < 110; ++code) {
        OptionPtr option(new Option(Option::V4, code, OptionBuffer(10, 0xFF)));
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption4()->add(option, false, false,
                                                  DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE));
    }

    // Add 7 options to another option space. The option codes partially overlap
    // with option codes that we have added to dhcp4 option space.
    for (uint16_t code = 105; code < 112; ++code) {
        OptionPtr option(new Option(Option::V4, code, OptionBuffer(10, 0xFF)));
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption4()->add(option, false, false, "isc"));
    }

    // Get options from the Subnet and check if all 10 are there.
    OptionContainerPtr options = host.getCfgOption4()->getAll(DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    ASSERT_EQ(10, options->size());

    // It should be possible to retrieve DHCPv6 options but the container
    // should be empty.
    OptionContainerPtr options6 = host.getCfgOption6()->getAll(DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options6);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options6->empty());

    // Also make sure that for dhcp4 option space no DHCPv6 options are
    // returned. This is to check that containers for DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
    // options do not share information.
    options6 = host.getCfgOption6()->getAll(DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options6);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options6->empty());

    // Validate codes of options added to dhcp4 option space.
    uint16_t expected_code = 100;
    for (auto const& option_desc : *options) {
        ASSERT_TRUE(option_desc.option_);
        EXPECT_EQ(expected_code, option_desc.option_->getType());
        ++expected_code;
    }

    options = host.getCfgOption4()->getAll("isc");
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    ASSERT_EQ(7, options->size());

    // Validate codes of options added to isc option space.
    expected_code = 105;
    for (auto const& option_desc : *options) {
        ASSERT_TRUE(option_desc.option_);
        EXPECT_EQ(expected_code, option_desc.option_->getType());
        ++expected_code;
    }

    // Try to get options from a non-existing option space.
    options = host.getCfgOption4()->getAll("abcd");
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options->empty());
}

// This test checks that host-specific DHCPv4 options can be encapsulated.
TEST_F(HostTest, encapsulateOptions4) {
    Host host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
              IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));

    OptionPtr option43(new Option(Option::V4, DHO_VENDOR_ENCAPSULATED_OPTIONS));
    option43->setEncapsulatedSpace(VENDOR_ENCAPSULATED_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption4()->add(option43, false, false, DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE));

    OptionPtr option1(new Option(Option::V4, 1));
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption4()->add(option1, false, false,
                                              VENDOR_ENCAPSULATED_OPTION_SPACE));

    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.encapsulateOptions());

    auto returned_option43 = host.getCfgOption4()->get(DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE,
                                                       DHO_VENDOR_ENCAPSULATED_OPTIONS);
    ASSERT_TRUE(returned_option43.option_);

    auto returned_option1 = returned_option43.option_->getOption(1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(returned_option1);
}

// This test checks that it is possible to add DHCPv6 options for a host.
TEST_F(HostTest, addOptions6) {
    Host host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
              IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));

    // Differentiate options by their codes (100-109)
    for (uint16_t code = 100; code < 110; ++code) {
        OptionPtr option(new Option(Option::V6, code, OptionBuffer(10, 0xFF)));
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption6()->add(option, false, false,
                                                  DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE));
    }

    // Add 7 options to another option space. The option codes partially overlap
    // with option codes that we have added to dhcp6 option space.
    for (uint16_t code = 105; code < 112; ++code) {
        OptionPtr option(new Option(Option::V6, code, OptionBuffer(10, 0xFF)));
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption6()->add(option, false, false, "isc"));
    }

    // Get options from the Subnet and check if all 10 are there.
    OptionContainerPtr options = host.getCfgOption6()->getAll(DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    ASSERT_EQ(10, options->size());

    // It should be possible to retrieve DHCPv4 options but the container
    // should be empty.
    OptionContainerPtr options4 = host.getCfgOption4()->getAll(DHCP4_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options4);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options4->empty());

    // Also make sure that for dhcp6 option space no DHCPv4 options are
    // returned. This is to check that containers for DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
    // options do not share information.
    options4 = host.getCfgOption4()->getAll(DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(options4);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options4->empty());

    // Validate codes of options added to dhcp6 option space.
    uint16_t expected_code = 100;
    for (auto const& option_desc : *options) {
        ASSERT_TRUE(option_desc.option_);
        EXPECT_EQ(expected_code, option_desc.option_->getType());
        ++expected_code;
    }

    options = host.getCfgOption6()->getAll("isc");
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    ASSERT_EQ(7, options->size());

    // Validate codes of options added to isc option space.
    expected_code = 105;
    for (auto const& option_desc : *options) {
        ASSERT_TRUE(option_desc.option_);
        EXPECT_EQ(expected_code, option_desc.option_->getType());
        ++expected_code;
    }

    // Try to get options from a non-existing option space.
    options = host.getCfgOption6()->getAll("abcd");
    ASSERT_TRUE(options);
    EXPECT_TRUE(options->empty());
}

// This test checks that it is possible to add DHCPv6 options for a host.
TEST_F(HostTest, encapsulateOptions6) {
    Host host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address", SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
              IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));

    OptionPtr option94(new Option(Option::V6, D6O_S46_CONT_MAPE));
    option94->setEncapsulatedSpace(MAPE_V6_OPTION_SPACE);
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption6()->add(option94, false, false, DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE));

    OptionPtr option1(new Option(Option::V6, 1));
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.getCfgOption6()->add(option1, false, false,
                                              MAPE_V6_OPTION_SPACE));

    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.encapsulateOptions());

    auto returned_option94 = host.getCfgOption6()->get(DHCP6_OPTION_SPACE,
                                                       D6O_S46_CONT_MAPE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(returned_option94.option_);

    auto returned_option1 = returned_option94.option_->getOption(1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(returned_option1);
}

// This test verifies that it is possible to retrieve a textual
// representation of the host identifier.
TEST_F(HostTest, getIdentifierAsText) {
    // HW address
    Host host1("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
               SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
               IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));
    EXPECT_EQ("hwaddr=010203040506", host1.getIdentifierAsText());

    // DUID
    Host host2("0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f:ab:cd:ef", "duid",
               SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
               IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));
    EXPECT_EQ("duid=0A0B0C0D0E0FABCDEF",
              host2.getIdentifierAsText());

    // Circuit id.
    Host host3("'marcin's-home'", "circuit-id",
               SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
               IOAddress("192.0.2.3"));
    EXPECT_EQ("circuit-id=6D617263696E27732D686F6D65",
              host3.getIdentifierAsText());
}

// This test verifies that conversion of the identifier type to a
// name works correctly.
TEST_F(HostTest, getIdentifierName) {
    EXPECT_EQ("hw-address", Host::getIdentifierName(Host::IDENT_HWADDR));

}

// This test checks that Host object is correctly described in the
// textual format using the toText method.
TEST_F(HostTest, toText) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "myhost.example.com")));

    // Add 4 reservations: 2 for NAs, 2 for PDs.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe")));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1:1::"), 64));
        IPv6Resrv res(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2::"), 64);
        res.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2:3::"), 80);
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(res));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")));
    );

    // Add invisible user context
    string user_context = "{ \"foo\": \"bar\" }";
    host->setContext(Element::fromJSON(user_context));

    // Make sure that the output is correct,
    EXPECT_EQ("hwaddr=010203040506 ipv4_subnet_id=1 ipv6_subnet_id=2"
              " hostname=myhost.example.com"
              " ipv4_reservation=192.0.2.3"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservation0=2001:db8:1::cafe"
              " ipv6_reservation1=2001:db8:1::1"
              " ipv6_reservation2=2001:db8:1:1::/64"
              " ipv6_reservation3=2001:db8:1:2::/64"
              " (excluded_prefix=2001:db8:1:2:3::/80)",
              host->toText());

    // Reset some of the data and make sure that the output is affected.
    host->setHostname("");
    host->removeIPv4Reservation();
    host->setIPv4SubnetID(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);
    host->setNegative(true);

    EXPECT_EQ("hwaddr=010203040506 ipv6_subnet_id=2"
              " hostname=(empty) ipv4_reservation=(no)"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservation0=2001:db8:1::cafe"
              " ipv6_reservation1=2001:db8:1::1"
              " ipv6_reservation2=2001:db8:1:1::/64"
              " ipv6_reservation3=2001:db8:1:2::/64"
              " (excluded_prefix=2001:db8:1:2:3::/80)"
              " negative cached",
              host->toText());

    // Create host identified by DUID, instead of HWADDR, with a very
    // basic configuration.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("11:12:13:14:15", "duid",
                                        SUBNET_ID_UNUSED, SUBNET_ID_UNUSED,
                                        IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS(),
                                        "myhost")));

    EXPECT_EQ("duid=1112131415 hostname=myhost ipv4_reservation=(no)"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservations=(none)", host->toText());

    // Add some classes.
    host->addClientClass4("modem");
    host->addClientClass4("router");

    EXPECT_EQ("duid=1112131415 hostname=myhost ipv4_reservation=(no)"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservations=(none)"
              " dhcp4_class0=modem dhcp4_class1=router",
              host->toText());

    host->addClientClass6("hub");
    host->addClientClass6("device");

    // Note that now classes are in insert order.
    EXPECT_EQ("duid=1112131415 hostname=myhost ipv4_reservation=(no)"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservations=(none)"
              " dhcp4_class0=modem dhcp4_class1=router"
              " dhcp6_class0=hub dhcp6_class1=device",
              host->toText());

    // Create global host identified by DUID, with a very basic configuration.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("11:12:13:14:15", "duid",
                                        SUBNET_ID_GLOBAL, SUBNET_ID_GLOBAL,
                                        IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS(),
                                        "myhost")));

    EXPECT_EQ("duid=1112131415 ipv4_subnet_id=0 ipv6_subnet_id=0 "
               "hostname=myhost ipv4_reservation=(no)"
              " siaddr=(no)"
              " sname=(empty)"
              " file=(empty)"
              " key=(empty)"
              " ipv6_reservations=(none)", host->toText());

}

// This test checks that Host object is correctly unparsed,
TEST_F(HostTest, unparse) {
    boost::scoped_ptr<Host> host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "myhost.example.com")));

    // Add 3 reservations: 2 for NAs, 1 for PDs.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::cafe")));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1:1::"), 64));
        host->addReservation(IPv6Resrv(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_NA,
                                       IOAddress("2001:db8:1::1")));
    );

    // Add user context
    string user_context = "{ \"comment\": \"a host reservation\" }";
    host->setContext(Element::fromJSON(user_context));

    // Make sure that the output is correct,
    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"boot-file-name\": \"\", "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost.example.com\", "
              "\"hw-address\": \"01:02:03:04:05:06\", "
              "\"ip-address\": \"192.0.2.3\", "
              "\"next-server\": \"0.0.0.0\", "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"server-hostname\": \"\", "
              "\"user-context\": { \"comment\": \"a host reservation\" } "
              "}",
              host->toElement4()->str());

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost.example.com\", "
              "\"hw-address\": \"01:02:03:04:05:06\", "
              "\"ip-addresses\": [ \"2001:db8:1::cafe\", \"2001:db8:1::1\" ], "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"prefixes\": [ \"2001:db8:1:1::/64\" ], "
              "\"user-context\": { \"comment\": \"a host reservation\" } "
              "}",
              host->toElement6()->str());

    // Add a Prefix Exclude option.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(
        IPv6Resrv res(IPv6Resrv::TYPE_PD, IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2::"), 64);
        res.setPDExclude(IOAddress("2001:db8:1:2:3::"), 80);
        host->addReservation(res);
    );

    // Reset some of the data and make sure that the output is affected.
    host->setHostname("");
    host->removeIPv4Reservation();
    host->setIPv4SubnetID(SUBNET_ID_UNUSED);

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"boot-file-name\": \"\", "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"hostname\": \"\", "
              "\"hw-address\": \"01:02:03:04:05:06\", "
              "\"next-server\": \"0.0.0.0\", "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"server-hostname\": \"\", "
              "\"user-context\": { \"comment\": \"a host reservation\" } "
              "}",
              host->toElement4()->str());

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"excluded-prefixes\": [ \"\", \"2001:db8:1:2:3::/80\" ], "
              "\"hostname\": \"\", "
              "\"hw-address\": \"01:02:03:04:05:06\", "
              "\"ip-addresses\": [ \"2001:db8:1::cafe\", \"2001:db8:1::1\" ], "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"prefixes\": [ \"2001:db8:1:1::/64\", \"2001:db8:1:2::/64\" ], "
              "\"user-context\": { \"comment\": \"a host reservation\" } "
              "}",
              host->toElement6()->str());

    // Create host identified by DUID, instead of HWADDR, with a very
    // basic configuration.
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("11:12:13:14:15", "duid",
                                        SUBNET_ID_UNUSED, SUBNET_ID_UNUSED,
                                        IOAddress::IPV4_ZERO_ADDRESS(),
                                        "myhost")));

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"boot-file-name\": \"\", "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"next-server\": \"0.0.0.0\", "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"server-hostname\": \"\" "
              "}",
              host->toElement4()->str());

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"ip-addresses\": [  ], "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"prefixes\": [  ] "
              "}",
              host->toElement6()->str());

    // Add some classes.
    host->addClientClass4("modem");
    host->addClientClass4("router");
    // Set invisible negative cache.
    host->setNegative(true);

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"boot-file-name\": \"\", "
              "\"client-classes\": [ \"modem\", \"router\" ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"next-server\": \"0.0.0.0\", "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"server-hostname\": \"\" "
              "}",
              host->toElement4()->str());

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"client-classes\": [  ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"ip-addresses\": [  ], "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"prefixes\": [  ] "
              "}",
              host->toElement6()->str());

    // Now the classes are in defined order (vs. alphabetical order).
    host->addClientClass6("hub");
    host->addClientClass6("device");

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"boot-file-name\": \"\", "
              "\"client-classes\": [ \"modem\", \"router\" ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"next-server\": \"0.0.0.0\", "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"server-hostname\": \"\" "
              "}",
              host->toElement4()->str());

    EXPECT_EQ("{ "
              "\"client-classes\": [ \"hub\", \"device\" ], "
              "\"duid\": \"11:12:13:14:15\", "
              "\"hostname\": \"myhost\", "
              "\"ip-addresses\": [  ], "
              "\"option-data\": [  ], "
              "\"prefixes\": [  ] "
              "}",
              host->toElement6()->str());
}

// Test verifies if the host can store HostId properly.
TEST_F(HostTest, hostId) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "myhost.example.com")));
    EXPECT_EQ(0, host->getHostId());

    EXPECT_NO_THROW(host->setHostId(12345));

    EXPECT_EQ(12345, host->getHostId());
}

// Test verifies if we can modify the host keys.
TEST_F(HostTest, keys) {
    HostPtr host;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(host.reset(new Host("01:02:03:04:05:06", "hw-address",
                                        SubnetID(1), SubnetID(2),
                                        IOAddress("192.0.2.3"),
                                        "myhost.example.com")));
    // Key must be empty
    EXPECT_EQ(0, host->getKey().getAuthKey().size());
    EXPECT_EQ("", host->getKey().toText());

    // now set to random value
    const vector<uint8_t>& random_key(AuthKey::getRandomKeyString());
    host->setKey(AuthKey(random_key));
    EXPECT_EQ(random_key, host->getKey().getAuthKey());
}

// Test verifies if getRandomKeyString can generate 1000 keys which are random
TEST_F(HostTest, randomKeys) {
    // use hashtable and set size to 1000
    std::unordered_set<vector<uint8_t>,
                       boost::hash<vector<uint8_t>>> keys;

    int dup_element = 0;
    const uint16_t max_iter = 1000;
    uint16_t iter_num = 0;
    size_t max_hash_size = 1000;

    keys.reserve(max_hash_size);

    for (iter_num = 0; iter_num < max_iter; iter_num++) {
        vector<uint8_t> key = AuthKey::getRandomKeyString();
        if (keys.count(key)) {
            dup_element++;
            break;
        }

        keys.insert(key);
    }

    EXPECT_EQ(0, dup_element);
}

// Test performs basic functionality test of the AuthKey class
TEST(AuthKeyTest, basicTest) {
    // Call the constructor with default argument
    // Default constructor should generate random string of 16 bytes
    AuthKey defaultKey;
    ASSERT_EQ(16, defaultKey.getAuthKey().size());

    AuthKey longKey("0123456789abcdef1122334455667788");
    ASSERT_EQ(16, longKey.getAuthKey().size());

    // Check the setters for valid and invalid string
    string key16ByteStr = "000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F";
    vector<uint8_t> key16ByteBin = {
        0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0xa, 0xb, 0xc, 0xd, 0xe, 0xf
    };
    string key18ByteStr = "0123456789abcdefgh";

    AuthKey defaultTestKey;

    defaultTestKey.setAuthKey(key16ByteStr);
    ASSERT_EQ(16, defaultTestKey.getAuthKey().size());
    ASSERT_EQ(key16ByteStr, defaultTestKey.toText());
    ASSERT_EQ(key16ByteBin, defaultTestKey.getAuthKey());

    string expected = "bad auth key: attempt to decode a value not in base16 char set: 0123456789abcdefgh";
    ASSERT_THROW_MSG(defaultTestKey.setAuthKey(key18ByteStr),
                     BadValue, expected);
}

} // end of anonymous namespace