Cppcheck report - cppcheck report: src/lib/cc/data.h

// Copyright (C) 2010-2024 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#ifndef ISC_DATA_H
#define ISC_DATA_H 1

#include <util/bigints.h>

#include <iostream><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <map><--- Include file: 
#include <stdexcept><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <string><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.
#include <vector><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

#include <stdint.h><--- Include file:  not found. Please note: Cppcheck does not need standard library headers to get proper results.

#include <exceptions/exceptions.h>

namespace isc { namespace data {

class Element;
// todo: describe the rationale behind ElementPtr?
typedef boost::shared_ptr<Element> ElementPtr;
typedef boost::shared_ptr<const Element> ConstElementPtr;

///
/// @brief A standard Data module exception that is thrown if a function
/// is called for an Element that has a wrong type (e.g. int_value on a
/// ListElement)
///
class TypeError : public isc::Exception {
public:
    TypeError(const char* file, size_t line, const char* what) :
        isc::Exception(file, line, what) {}
};

///
/// @brief A standard Data module exception that is thrown if a parse
/// error is encountered when constructing an Element from a string
///
// i'd like to use Exception here but we need one that is derived from
// runtime_error (as this one is directly based on external data, and
// i want to add some values to any static data string that is provided)
class JSONError : public isc::Exception {
public:
    JSONError(const char* file, size_t line, const char* what) :
        isc::Exception(file, line, what) {}
};

///
/// @brief The @c Element class represents a piece of data, used by
/// the command channel and configuration parts.
///
/// An @c Element can contain simple types (int, real, string, bool and
/// None), and composite types (list and string->element maps)
///
/// Elements should in calling functions usually be referenced through
/// an @c ElementPtr, which can be created using the factory functions
/// @c Element::create() and @c Element::fromJSON()
///
/// Notes to developers: Element is a base class, implemented by a
/// specific subclass for each type (IntElement, BoolElement, etc).
/// Element does define all functions for all types, and defaults to
/// raising a @c TypeError for functions that are not supported for
/// the type in question.
///
class Element {

public:
    /// @brief Represents the position of the data element within a
    /// configuration string.
    ///
    /// Position comprises a file name, line number and an offset within this
    /// line where the element value starts. For example, if the JSON string is
    ///
    /// @code
    /// { "foo": "some string",
    ///   "bar": 123 }
    /// \endcode
    ///
    /// the position of the element "bar" is: line_ = 2; pos_ = 9, because
    /// beginning of the value "123" is at offset 9 from the beginning of
    /// the second line, including whitespaces.
    ///
    /// Note that the @c Position structure is used as an argument to @c Element
    /// constructors and factory functions to avoid ambiguity and so that the
    /// uint32_t arguments holding line number and position within the line are
    /// not confused with the @c Element values passed to these functions.
    struct Position {
        std::string file_; ///< File name.
        uint32_t line_;    ///< Line number.
        uint32_t pos_;     ///< Position within the line.

        /// @brief Default constructor.
        Position() : file_(""), line_(0), pos_(0) {
        }

        /// @brief Constructor.
        ///
        /// @param file File name.
        /// @param line Line number.
        /// @param pos Position within the line.
        Position(const std::string& file, const uint32_t line,
                 const uint32_t pos)
            : file_(file), line_(line), pos_(pos) {
        }

        /// @brief Returns the position in the textual format.
        ///
        /// The returned position has the following format: file:line:pos.
        std::string str() const;
    };

    /// @brief Returns @c Position object with line_ and pos_ set to 0, and
    /// with an empty file name.
    ///
    /// The object containing two zeros is a default for most of the
    /// methods creating @c Element objects. The returned value is static
    /// so as it is not created everytime the function with the default
    /// position argument is called.
    static const Position& ZERO_POSITION() {
        static Position position("", 0, 0);
        return (position);
    }

    /// @brief The types that an Element can hold
    ///
    /// Some of these types need to match their associated integer from the
    /// parameter_data_type database table, so let the enums be explicitly
    /// mapped to integers, to reduce the chance of messing up.
    ///
    /// any is a special type used in list specifications, specifying that the
    /// elements can be of any type.
    enum types : int {
        integer = 0,
        real = 1,
        boolean = 2,
        null = 3,
        string = 4,
        bigint = 5,
        list = 6,
        map = 7,
        any = 8,
    };

private:
    // technically the type could be omitted; is it useful?
    // should we remove it or replace it with a pure virtual
    // function getType?
    types type_;

    /// @brief Position of the element in the configuration string.
    Position position_;

protected:

    /// @brief Constructor.
    ///
    /// @param t Element type.
    /// @param pos Structure holding position of the value of the data element.
    /// It comprises the line number and the position within this line. The values
    /// held in this structure are used for error logging purposes.
    Element(types t, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
        : type_(t), position_(pos) {
    }


public:
    // base class; make dtor virtual
    virtual ~Element() {}

    /// @return the type of this element
    types getType() const { return (type_); }

    /// @brief Returns position where the data element's value starts in a
    /// configuration string.
    ///
    /// @warning The returned reference is valid as long as the object which
    /// created it lives.
    const Position& getPosition() const { return (position_); }

    /// Returns a string representing the Element and all its
    /// child elements; note that this is different from stringValue(),
    /// which only returns the single value of a StringElement
    ///
    /// The resulting string will contain the Element in JSON format.
    ///
    /// @return std::string containing the string representation
    std::string str() const;

    /// Returns the wireformat for the Element and all its child
    /// elements.
    ///
    /// @return std::string containing the element in wire format
    std::string toWire() const;
    void toWire(std::ostream& out) const;

    /// @brief Add the position to a TypeError message
    /// should be used in place of isc_throw(TypeError, error)
#define throwTypeError(error)                   \
    {                                           \
        std::string msg_ = error;               \
        if ((position_.file_ != "") ||          \
            (position_.line_ != 0) ||           \
            (position_.pos_ != 0)) {            \
            msg_ += " in (" + position_.str() + ")";   \
        }                                       \
        isc_throw(TypeError, msg_);             \
    }

    /// @name pure virtuals, every derived class must implement these

    /// @return true if the other ElementPtr has the same value and the same
    /// type (or a different and compatible type), false otherwise.
    virtual bool equals(const Element& other) const = 0;<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Converts the Element to JSON format and appends it to
    /// the given stringstream.
    virtual void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const = 0;<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// @name Type-specific getters
    ///
    /// @brief These functions only
    /// work on their corresponding Element type. For all other
    /// types, a TypeError is thrown.
    /// If you want an exception-safe getter method, use
    /// getValue() below
    //@{
    virtual int64_t intValue() const<--- Virtual function in base class
    { throwTypeError("intValue() called on non-integer Element"); }
    virtual isc::util::int128_t bigIntValue() const {
        throwTypeError("bigIntValue() called on non-big-integer Element");
    }
    virtual double doubleValue() const<--- Virtual function in base class
    { throwTypeError("doubleValue() called on non-double Element"); }
    virtual bool boolValue() const<--- Virtual function in base class
    { throwTypeError("boolValue() called on non-Bool Element"); }
    virtual std::string stringValue() const<--- Virtual function in base class
    { throwTypeError("stringValue() called on non-string Element"); }
    virtual const std::vector<ElementPtr>& listValue() const {<--- Virtual function in base class
        // replace with real exception or empty vector?
        throwTypeError("listValue() called on non-list Element");
    }
    virtual const std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& mapValue() const {
        // replace with real exception or empty map?
        throwTypeError("mapValue() called on non-map Element");
    }
    //@}

    /// @name Exception-safe getters
    ///
    /// @brief The getValue() functions return false if the given reference
    /// is of another type than the element contains
    /// By default it always returns false; the derived classes
    /// override the function for their type, copying their
    /// data to the given reference and returning true
    ///
    //@{
    virtual bool getValue(int64_t& t) const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool getValue(double& t) const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool getValue(bool& t) const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool getValue(std::string& t) const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool getValue(std::vector<ElementPtr>& t) const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool getValue(std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& t) const;
    //@}

    ///
    /// @name Exception-safe setters.
    ///
    /// @brief Return false if the Element is not
    /// the right type. Set the value and return true if the Elements
    /// is of the correct type
    ///
    /// Notes: Read notes of IntElement definition about the use of
    ///        long long int, long int and int.
    //@{
    virtual bool setValue(const long long int v);<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool setValue(const isc::util::int128_t& v);
    bool setValue(const long int i) { return (setValue(static_cast<long long int>(i))); }
    bool setValue(const int i) { return (setValue(static_cast<long long int>(i))); }
    virtual bool setValue(const double v);<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool setValue(const bool t);<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool setValue(const std::string& v);<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool setValue(const std::vector<ElementPtr>& v);<--- Virtual function in base class
    virtual bool setValue(const std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& v);
    //@}

    // Other functions for specific subtypes

    /// @name ListElement functions
    ///
    /// @brief If the Element on which these functions are called are not
    /// an instance of ListElement, a TypeError exception is thrown.
    //@{
    /// Returns the ElementPtr at the given index. If the index is out
    /// of bounds, this function throws an std::out_of_range exception.
    /// @param i The position of the ElementPtr to return
    virtual ConstElementPtr get(const int i) const;

    /// @brief returns element as non-const pointer
    ///
    /// @param i The position of the ElementPtr to retrieve
    /// @return specified element pointer
    virtual ElementPtr getNonConst(const int i) const;<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Sets the ElementPtr at the given index. If the index is out
    /// of bounds, this function throws an std::out_of_range exception.
    /// @param i The position of the ElementPtr to set
    /// @param element The ElementPtr to set at the position
    virtual void set(const size_t i, ElementPtr element);<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Adds an ElementPtr to the list
    /// @param element The ElementPtr to add
    virtual void add(ElementPtr element);<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Removes the element at the given position. If the index is out
    /// of nothing happens.
    /// @param i The index of the element to remove.
    virtual void remove(const int i);<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Returns the number of elements in the list.
    virtual size_t size() const;<--- Virtual function in base class

    /// Return true if there are no elements in the list.
    virtual bool empty() const;<--- Virtual function in base class
    //@}


    /// @name MapElement functions
    ///
    /// @brief If the Element on which these functions are called are not
    /// an instance of MapElement, a TypeError exception is thrown.
    //@{
    /// Returns the ElementPtr at the given key
    /// @param name The key of the Element to return
    /// @return The ElementPtr at the given key, or null if not present
    virtual ConstElementPtr get(const std::string& name) const;

    /// Sets the ElementPtr at the given key
    /// @param name The key of the Element to set
    /// @param element The ElementPtr to set at the given key.
    virtual void set(const std::string& name, ConstElementPtr element);

    /// Remove the ElementPtr at the given key
    /// @param name The key of the Element to remove
    virtual void remove(const std::string& name);

    /// Checks if there is data at the given key
    /// @param name The key of the Element checked for existence
    /// @return true if there is data at the key, false if not.
    virtual bool contains(const std::string& name) const;

    /// Recursively finds any data at the given identifier. The
    /// identifier is a /-separated list of names of nested maps, with
    /// the last name being the leaf that is returned.
    ///
    /// For instance, if you have a MapElement that contains another
    /// MapElement at the key "foo", and that second MapElement contains
    /// Another Element at key "bar", the identifier for that last
    /// element from the first is "foo/bar".
    ///
    /// @param identifier The identifier of the element to find
    /// @return The ElementPtr at the given identifier. Returns a
    /// null ElementPtr if it is not found, which can be checked with
    /// Element::is_null(ElementPtr e).
    virtual ConstElementPtr find(const std::string& identifier) const;

    /// See @c Element::find()
    /// @param identifier The identifier of the element to find
    /// @param t Reference to store the resulting ElementPtr, if found.
    /// @return true if the element was found, false if not.
    virtual bool find(const std::string& identifier, ConstElementPtr& t) const;
    //@}

    /// @name Factory functions

    // TODO: should we move all factory functions to a different class
    // so as not to burden the Element base with too many functions?
    // and/or perhaps even to a separate header?

    /// @name Direct factory functions
    /// @brief These functions simply wrap the given data directly
    /// in an Element object, and return a reference to it, in the form
    /// of an @c ElementPtr.
    /// These factory functions are exception-free (unless there is
    /// no memory available, in which case bad_alloc is raised by the
    /// underlying system).
    /// (Note that that is different from an NullElement, which
    /// represents an empty value, and is created with Element::create())
    ///
    /// Notes: Read notes of IntElement definition about the use of
    ///        long long int, long int and int.
    //@{
    static ElementPtr create(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const long long int i,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const isc::util::int128_t& i,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const int i,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const long int i,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const uint32_t i,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const double d,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const bool b,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    static ElementPtr create(const std::string& s,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    // need both std:string and char *, since c++ will match
    // bool before std::string when you pass it a char *
    static ElementPtr create(const char *s,
                             const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());

    /// @brief Creates an empty ListElement type ElementPtr.
    ///
    /// @param pos A structure holding position of the data element value
    /// in the configuration string. It is used for error logging purposes.
    static ElementPtr createList(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());

    /// @brief Creates an empty MapElement type ElementPtr.
    ///
    /// @param pos A structure holding position of the data element value
    /// in the configuration string. It is used for error logging purposes.
    static ElementPtr createMap(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION());
    //@}

    /// @name Compound factory functions

    /// @brief These functions will parse the given string (JSON)
    /// representation  of a compound element. If there is a parse
    /// error, an exception of the type isc::data::JSONError is thrown.

    //@{
    /// Creates an Element from the given JSON string
    /// @param in The string to parse the element from
    /// @param preproc specified whether preprocessing (e.g. comment removal)
    ///                should be performed
    /// @return An ElementPtr that contains the element(s) specified
    /// in the given string.
    static ElementPtr fromJSON(const std::string& in, bool preproc = false);

    /// Creates an Element from the given input stream containing JSON
    /// formatted data.
    ///
    /// @param in The string to parse the element from
    /// @param preproc specified whether preprocessing (e.g. comment removal)
    ///                should be performed
    /// @throw JSONError
    /// @return An ElementPtr that contains the element(s) specified
    /// in the given input stream.
    static ElementPtr fromJSON(std::istream& in, bool preproc = false);

    /// Creates an Element from the given input stream containing JSON
    /// formatted data.
    ///
    /// @param in The string to parse the element from
    /// @param file_name specified input file name (used in error reporting)
    /// @param preproc specified whether preprocessing (e.g. comment removal)
    ///                should be performed
    /// @throw JSONError
    /// @return An ElementPtr that contains the element(s) specified
    /// in the given input stream.
    /// @throw JSONError
    static ElementPtr fromJSON(std::istream& in, const std::string& file_name,
                               bool preproc = false);

    /// Creates an Element from the given input stream, where we keep
    /// track of the location in the stream for error reporting.
    ///
    /// @param in The string to parse the element from.
    /// @param file The input file name.
    /// @param line A reference to the int where the function keeps
    /// track of the current line.
    /// @param pos A reference to the int where the function keeps
    /// track of the current position within the current line.
    /// @throw JSONError
    /// @return An ElementPtr that contains the element(s) specified
    /// in the given input stream.
    // make this one private?
    /// @throw JSONError
    static ElementPtr fromJSON(std::istream& in, const std::string& file,
                               int& line, int &pos);

    /// Reads contents of specified file and interprets it as JSON.
    ///
    /// @param file_name name of the file to read
    /// @param preproc specified whether preprocessing (e.g. comment removal)
    ///                should be performed
    /// @return An ElementPtr that contains the element(s) specified
    /// if the given file.
    static ElementPtr fromJSONFile(const std::string& file_name,
                                   bool preproc = false);
    //@}

    /// @name Type name conversion functions

    /// Returns the name of the given type as a string
    ///
    /// @param type The type to return the name of
    /// @return The name of the type, or "unknown" if the type
    ///         is not known.
    static std::string typeToName(Element::types type);

    /// Converts the string to the corresponding type
    /// Throws a TypeError if the name is unknown.
    ///
    /// @param type_name The name to get the type of
    /// @return the corresponding type value
    static Element::types nameToType(const std::string& type_name);

    /// @brief input text preprocessor
    ///
    /// This method performs preprocessing of the input stream (which is
    /// expected to contain a text version of to be parsed JSON). For now the
    /// sole supported operation is bash-style (line starting with #) comment
    /// removal, but it will be extended later to cover more cases (C, C++ style
    /// comments, file inclusions, maybe macro replacements?).
    ///
    /// This method processes the whole input stream. It reads all contents of
    /// the input stream, filters the content and returns the result in a
    /// different stream.
    ///
    /// @param in input stream to be preprocessed
    /// @param out output stream (filtered content will be written here)
    static void preprocess(std::istream& in, std::stringstream& out);

    /// @name Wire format factory functions

    /// These function pparse the wireformat at the given stringstream
    /// (of the given length). If there is a parse error an exception
    /// of the type isc::cc::DecodeError is raised.

    //@{
    /// Creates an Element from the wire format in the given
    /// stringstream of the given length.
    /// Since the wire format is JSON, this is the same as
    /// fromJSON, and could be removed.
    ///
    /// @param in The input stringstream.
    /// @param length The length of the wireformat data in the stream
    /// @return ElementPtr with the data that is parsed.
    static ElementPtr fromWire(std::stringstream& in, int length);

    /// Creates an Element from the wire format in the given string
    /// Since the wire format is JSON, this is the same as
    /// fromJSON, and could be removed.
    ///
    /// @param s The input string
    /// @return ElementPtr with the data that is parsed.
    static ElementPtr fromWire(const std::string& s);
    //@}

    /// @brief Remove all empty maps and lists from this Element and its
    /// descendants.
    void removeEmptyContainersRecursively() {
        if (type_ == list || type_ == map) {
            size_t s(size());
            for (size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
                // Get child.
                ElementPtr child;
                if (type_ == list) {
                    child = getNonConst(i);
                } else if (type_ == map) {
                    std::string const key(get(i)->stringValue());<--- Shadow variable
                    // The ElementPtr - ConstElementPtr disparity between
                    // ListElement and MapElement is forcing a const cast here.
                    // It's undefined behavior to modify it after const casting.
                    // The options are limited. I've tried templating, moving
                    // this function from a member function to free-standing and
                    // taking the Element template as argument. I've tried
                    // making it a virtual function with overridden
                    // implementations in ListElement and MapElement. Nothing
                    // works.
                    child = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(get(key));
                }

                // Makes no sense to continue for non-container children.
                if (child->getType() != list && child->getType() != map) {
                    continue;
                }

                // Recurse if not empty.
                if (!child->empty()){
                    child->removeEmptyContainersRecursively();
                }

                // When returning from recursion, remove if empty.
                if (child->empty()) {
                    remove(i);
                    --i;
                    --s;
                }
            }
        }
    }
};

/// Notes: IntElement type is changed to int64_t.
///        Due to C++ problems on overloading and automatic type conversion,
///          (C++ tries to convert integer type values and reference/pointer
///           if value types do not match exactly)
///        We decided the storage as int64_t,
///           three (long long, long, int) override function definitions
///           and cast int/long/long long to int64_t via long long.
///        Therefore, call by value methods (create, setValue) have three
///        (int,long,long long) definitions. Others use int64_t.
///
class IntElement : public Element {
    int64_t i;
public:
    IntElement(int64_t v, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'IntElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'IntElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(integer, pos), i(v) { }
    int64_t intValue() const { return (i); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(int64_t& t) const { t = i; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(long long int v) { i = v; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class
};

/// @brief Wrapper over int128_t
class BigIntElement : public Element {
    using int128_t = isc::util::int128_t;
    using Element::getValue;
    using Element::setValue;

public:
    /// @brief Constructor
    BigIntElement(const int128_t& v, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'BigIntElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'BigIntElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(bigint, pos), i_(v) {
    }

    /// @brief Retrieve the underlying big integer value.
    ///
    /// @return the underlying value
    int128_t bigIntValue() const override {
        return (i_);
    }

    /// @brief Sets the underlying big integer value.
    ///
    /// @return true for no reason
    bool setValue(const int128_t& v) override {
        i_ = v;
        return (true);
    }

    /// @brief Converts the Element to JSON format and appends it to the given
    /// stringstream.
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const override;

    /// @brief Checks whether the other Element is equal.
    ///
    /// @return true if the other ElementPtr has the same value and the same
    /// type (or a different and compatible type), false otherwise.
    bool equals(const Element& other) const override;

private:
    /// @brief the underlying stored value
    int128_t i_;
};

class DoubleElement : public Element {
    double d;

public:
    DoubleElement(double v, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'DoubleElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'DoubleElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(real, pos), d(v) {}
    double doubleValue() const { return (d); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(double& t) const { t = d; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(const double v) { d = v; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class
};

class BoolElement : public Element {
    bool b;

public:
    BoolElement(const bool v, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'BoolElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'BoolElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(boolean, pos), b(v) {}
    bool boolValue() const { return (b); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(bool& t) const { t = b; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(const bool v) { b = v; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class
};

class NullElement : public Element {
public:
    NullElement(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'NullElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'NullElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(null, pos) {}
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class
};

class StringElement : public Element {
    std::string s;

public:
    StringElement(std::string v, const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'StringElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'StringElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
<--- Function parameter 'v' should be passed by const reference.
        : Element(string, pos), s(v) {}
    std::string stringValue() const { return (s); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(std::string& t) const { t = s; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(const std::string& v) { s = v; return (true); }<--- Function in derived class
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class
};

class ListElement : public Element {
    std::vector<ElementPtr> l;

public:
    ListElement(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION())
<--- Class 'ListElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'ListElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
        : Element(list, pos) {}
    const std::vector<ElementPtr>& listValue() const { return (l); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(std::vector<ElementPtr>& t) const {<--- Function in derived class
        t = l;
        return (true);
    }
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(const std::vector<ElementPtr>& v) {<--- Function in derived class
        l = v;
        return (true);
    }
    using Element::get;
    ConstElementPtr get(int i) const { return (l.at(i)); }
    ElementPtr getNonConst(int i) const  { return (l.at(i)); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::set;
    void set(size_t i, ElementPtr e) {<--- Function in derived class
        l.at(i) = e;
    }
    void add(ElementPtr e) { l.push_back(e); }<--- Function in derived class
    using Element::remove;
    void remove(int i) { l.erase(l.begin() + i); }<--- Function in derived class
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const;<--- Function in derived class
    size_t size() const { return (l.size()); }<--- Function in derived class
    bool empty() const { return (l.empty()); }<--- Function in derived class
    bool equals(const Element& other) const;<--- Function in derived class

    /// @brief Sorts the elements inside the list.
    ///
    /// The list must contain elements of the same type.
    /// Call with the key by which you want to sort when the list contains maps.
    /// Nested lists are not supported.
    /// Call without a parameter when sorting any other type.
    ///
    /// @param index the key by which you want to sort when the list contains
    /// maps
    void sort(std::string const& index = std::string());
};

class MapElement : public Element {
    std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr> m;

public:
    MapElement(const Position& pos = ZERO_POSITION()) : Element(map, pos) {}
<--- Class 'MapElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. [+]
Class 'MapElement' has a constructor with 1 argument that is not explicit. Such, so called "Converting constructors", should in general be explicit for type safety reasons as that prevents unintended implicit conversions.
    // @todo should we have direct iterators instead of exposing the std::map
    // here?
    const std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& mapValue() const override {
        return (m);
    }
    using Element::getValue;
    bool getValue(std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& t) const override {
        t = m;
        return (true);
    }
    using Element::setValue;
    bool setValue(const std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>& v) override {
        m = v;
        return (true);
    }
    using Element::get;
    ConstElementPtr get(const std::string& s) const override {
        auto found = m.find(s);
        return (found != m.end() ? found->second : ConstElementPtr());
    }

    /// @brief Get the i-th element in the map.
    ///
    /// Useful when required to iterate with an index.
    ///
    /// @param i the position of the element you want to return
    /// @return the element at position i
    ConstElementPtr get(int const i) const override {
        auto it(m.begin());
        std::advance(it, i);
        return create(it->first);
    }

    using Element::set;
    void set(const std::string& key, ConstElementPtr value) override;
    using Element::remove;
    void remove(const std::string& s) override { m.erase(s); }

    /// @brief Remove the i-th element from the map.
    ///
    /// @param i the position of the element you want to remove
    void remove(int const i) override {
        auto it(m.begin());
        std::advance(it, i);
        m.erase(it);
    }

    bool contains(const std::string& s) const override {
        return (m.find(s) != m.end());
    }
    void toJSON(std::ostream& ss) const override;

    // we should name the two finds better...
    // find the element at id; raises TypeError if one of the
    // elements at path except the one we're looking for is not a
    // mapelement.
    // returns an empty element if the item could not be found
    ConstElementPtr find(const std::string& id) const override;

    // find the Element at 'id', and store the element pointer in t
    // returns true if found, or false if not found (either because
    // it doesn't exist or one of the elements in the path is not
    // a MapElement)
    bool find(const std::string& id, ConstElementPtr& t) const override;

    /// @brief Returns number of stored elements
    ///
    /// @return number of elements.
    size_t size() const override {
        return (m.size());
    }

    bool equals(const Element& other) const override;

    bool empty() const override { return (m.empty()); }
};

/// Checks whether the given ElementPtr is a NULL pointer
/// @param p The ElementPtr to check
/// @return true if it is NULL, false if not.
bool isNull(ConstElementPtr p);

///
/// @brief Remove all values from the first ElementPtr that are
/// equal in the second. Both ElementPtrs MUST be MapElements
/// The use for this function is to end up with a MapElement that
/// only contains new and changed values (for ModuleCCSession and
/// configuration update handlers)
/// Raises a TypeError if a or b are not MapElements
void removeIdentical(ElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b);

/// @brief Create a new ElementPtr from the first ElementPtr, removing all
/// values that are equal in the second. Both ElementPtrs MUST be MapElements.
/// The returned ElementPtr will be a MapElement that only contains new and
/// changed values (for ModuleCCSession and configuration update handlers).
/// Raises a TypeError if a or b are not MapElements
ConstElementPtr removeIdentical(ConstElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b);

/// @brief Merges the data from other into element. (on the first level). Both
/// elements must be MapElements. Every string, value pair in other is copied
/// into element (the ElementPtr of value is copied, this is not a new object)
/// Unless the value is a NullElement, in which case the key is removed from
/// element, rather than setting the value to the given NullElement.
/// This way, we can remove values from for instance maps with configuration
/// data (which would then result in reverting back to the default).
/// Raises a TypeError if either ElementPtr is not a MapElement
void merge(ElementPtr element, ConstElementPtr other);

/// @brief Function used to check if two MapElements refer to the same
/// configuration data. It can check if the two MapElements have the same or
/// have equivalent value for some members.
/// e.g.
/// (
///  left->get("prefix")->stringValue() == right->get("prefix")->stringValue() &&
///  left->get("prefix-len")->intValue() == right->get("prefix-len")->intValue() &&
///  left->get("delegated-len")->intValue() == right->get("delegated-len")->intValue()
/// )
typedef std::function<bool (ElementPtr&, ElementPtr&)> MatchTestFunc;

/// @brief Function used to check if the data provided for the element contains
/// only information used for identification, or it contains extra useful data.
typedef std::function<bool (ElementPtr&)> NoDataTestFunc;

/// @brief Function used to check if the key is used for identification
typedef std::function<bool (const std::string&)> IsKeyTestFunc;

/// @brief Structure holding the test functions used to traverse the element
/// hierarchy.
struct HierarchyTraversalTest {
    MatchTestFunc match_;
    NoDataTestFunc no_data_;
    IsKeyTestFunc is_key_;
};

/// @brief Mapping between a container name and functions used to match elements
/// inside the container.
typedef std::map<std::string, HierarchyTraversalTest> FunctionMap;

/// @brief Hierarchy descriptor of the containers in a specific Element
/// hierarchy tree. The position inside the vector indicates the level at which
/// the respective containers are located.
///
/// e.g.
/// {
///   { { "pools", { ... , ... } }, { "pd-pools", { ... , ... } }, { "option-data", { ... , ... } } },
///   { { "option-data", { ... , ... } } }
/// }
/// At first subnet level the 'pools', 'pd-pools' and 'option-data' containers
/// can be found.
/// At second subnet level the 'option-data' container can be found
/// (obviously only inside 'pools' and 'pd-pools' containers).
typedef std::vector<FunctionMap> HierarchyDescriptor;

/// @brief Merges the diff data by adding the missing elements from 'other'
/// to 'element' (recursively). Both elements must be the same Element type.
/// Raises a TypeError if elements are not the same Element type.
/// @note
/// for non map and list elements the values are updated with the new values
/// for maps:
///     - non map and list elements are added/updated with the new values
///     - list and map elements are processed recursively
/// for lists:
///     - regardless of the element type, all elements from 'other' are added to
///       'element'
///
/// @param element The element to which new data is added.
/// @param other The element containing the data which needs to be added.
/// @param hierarchy The hierarchy describing the elements relations and
/// identification keys.
/// @param key The container holding the current element.
/// @param idx The level inside the hierarchy the current element is located.
void mergeDiffAdd(ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other,
                  HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy, std::string key,
                  size_t idx = 0);

/// @brief Merges the diff data by removing the data present in 'other' from
/// 'element' (recursively). Both elements must be the same Element type.
/// Raises a TypeError if elements are not the same Element type.
/// for non map and list elements the values are set to NullElement
/// for maps:
///     - non map and list elements are removed from the map
///     - list and map elements are processed recursively
/// for lists:
///     - regardless of the element type, all elements from 'other' matching
///       elements in 'element' are removed
///
/// @param element The element from which new data is removed.
/// @param other The element containing the data which needs to be removed.
/// @param hierarchy The hierarchy describing the elements relations and
/// identification keys.
/// @param key The container holding the current element.
/// @param idx The level inside the hierarchy the current element is located.
void mergeDiffDel(ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other,
                  HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy, std::string key,
                  size_t idx = 0);

/// @brief Extends data by adding the specified 'extension' elements from
/// 'other' inside the 'container' element (recursively). Both elements must be
/// the same Element type.
/// Raises a TypeError if elements are not the same Element type.
///
/// @param container The container holding the data that must be extended.
/// @param extension The name of the element that contains the data that must be
/// added (if not already present) in order to extend the initial data.
/// @param element The element from which new data is added.
/// @param other The element containing the data which needs to be added.
/// @param hierarchy The hierarchy describing the elements relations and
/// identification keys.
/// @param key The container holding the current element.
/// @param idx The level inside the hierarchy the current element is located.
/// @param alter The flag which indicates if the current element should be
/// updated.
void extend(const std::string& container, const std::string& extension,
            ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other,
            HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy, std::string key, size_t idx = 0,
            bool alter = false);

/// @brief Copy the data up to a nesting level.
///
/// The copy is a deep copy so nothing is shared if it is not
/// under the given nesting level.
///
/// @param from the pointer to the element to copy
/// @param level nesting level (default is 100, 0 means shallow copy,
/// negative means outbound and perhaps looping forever).
/// @return a pointer to a fresh copy
/// @throw raises a BadValue is a null pointer occurs.
ElementPtr copy(ConstElementPtr from, int level = 100);

/// @brief Compares the data with other using unordered lists
///
/// This comparison function handles lists (JSON arrays) as
/// unordered multi sets (multi means an item can occurs more
/// than once as soon as it occurs the same number of times).
bool isEquivalent(ConstElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b);

/// @brief Pretty prints the data into stream.
///
/// This operator converts the @c ConstElementPtr into a string and
/// inserts it into the output stream @c out with an initial
/// indentation @c indent and add at each level @c step spaces.
/// For maps if there is a comment property it is printed first.
///
/// @param element A @c ConstElementPtr to pretty print
/// @param out A @c std::ostream on which the print operation is performed
/// @param indent An initial number of spaces to add each new line
/// @param step A number of spaces to add to indentation at a new level
void prettyPrint(ConstElementPtr element, std::ostream& out,
                 unsigned indent = 0, unsigned step = 2);

/// @brief Pretty prints the data into string
///
/// This operator converts the @c ConstElementPtr into a string with
/// an initial indentation @c indent and add at each level @c step spaces.
/// For maps if there is a comment property it is printed first.
///
/// @param element A @c ConstElementPtr to pretty print
/// @param indent An initial number of spaces to add each new line
/// @param step A number of spaces to add to indentation at a new level
/// @return a string where element was pretty printed
std::string prettyPrint(ConstElementPtr element,
                        unsigned indent = 0, unsigned step = 2);

/// @brief Insert Element::Position as a string into stream.
///
/// This operator converts the @c Element::Position into a string and
/// inserts it into the output stream @c out.
///
/// @param out A @c std::ostream object on which the insertion operation is
/// performed.
/// @param pos The @c Element::Position structure to insert.
/// @return A reference to the same @c std::ostream object referenced by
/// parameter @c out after the insertion operation.
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Element::Position& pos);

/// @brief Insert the Element as a string into stream.
///
/// This method converts the @c ElementPtr into a string with
/// @c Element::str() and inserts it into the
/// output stream @c out.
///
/// This function overloads the global operator<< to behave as described in
/// ostream::operator<< but applied to @c ElementPtr objects.
///
/// @param out A @c std::ostream object on which the insertion operation is
/// performed.
/// @param e The @c ElementPtr object to insert.
/// @return A reference to the same @c std::ostream object referenced by
/// parameter @c out after the insertion operation.
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Element& e);

bool operator==(const Element& a, const Element& b);
bool operator!=(const Element& a, const Element& b);
bool operator<(const Element& a, const Element& b);

}  // namespace data
}  // namespace isc

#endif // ISC_DATA_H