data.cc

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// Copyright (C) 2010-2026 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
#include <config.h>
 
#include <cc/data.h>
#include <util/bigints.h>
 
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <climits>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cerrno>
 
#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
 
#include <cmath>
 
using namespace std;
 
using isc::util::int128_t;
 
namespace {
const char* const WHITESPACE = " \b\f\n\r\t";
} // end anonymous namespace
 
namespace isc {
namespace data {
 
constexpr unsigned Element::MAX_NESTING_LEVEL;
 
std::string
Element::Position::str() const {
    std::ostringstream ss;
    ss << file_ << ":" << line_ << ":" << pos_;
    return (ss.str());
}
 
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Element::Position& pos) {
    out << pos.str();
    return (out);
}
 
void
Element::removeEmptyContainersRecursively(unsigned level) {
    if (level <= 0) {
        // Cycles are by definition not empty so no need to throw.
        return;
    }
    if (type_ == list || type_ == map) {
        size_t s(size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
            // Get child.
            ElementPtr child;
            if (type_ == list) {
                child = getNonConst(i);
            } else if (type_ == map) {
                std::string const key(get(i)->stringValue());
                // The ElementPtr - ConstElementPtr disparity between
                // ListElement and MapElement is forcing a const cast here.
                // It's undefined behavior to modify it after const casting.
                // The options are limited. I've tried templating, moving
                // this function from a member function to free-standing and
                // taking the Element template as argument. I've tried
                // making it a virtual function with overridden
                // implementations in ListElement and MapElement. Nothing
                // works.
                child = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(get(key));
            }
 
            // Makes no sense to continue for non-container children.
            if (child->getType() != list && child->getType() != map) {
                continue;
            }
 
            // Recurse if not empty.
            if (!child->empty()){
                child->removeEmptyContainersRecursively(level - 1);
            }
 
            // When returning from recursion, remove if empty.
            if (child->empty()) {
                remove(i);
                --i;
                --s;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
std::string
Element::str() const {
    std::stringstream ss;
    toJSON(ss);
    return (ss.str());
}
 
std::string
Element::toWire() const {
    std::stringstream ss;
    toJSON(ss);
    return (ss.str());
}
 
void
Element::toWire(std::ostream& ss) const {
    toJSON(ss);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(int64_t&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(double&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(bool&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(std::string&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(std::vector<ElementPtr>&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::getValue(std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const long long int) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(isc::util::int128_t const&) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const double) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const bool) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const std::string&) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const std::vector<ElementPtr>&) {
    return (false);
}
 
bool
Element::setValue(const std::map<std::string, ConstElementPtr>&) {
    return (false);
}
 
ConstElementPtr
Element::get(const int) const {
    throwTypeError("get(int) called on a non-container Element");
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::getNonConst(const int) const {
    throwTypeError("get(int) called on a non-container Element");
}
 
void
Element::set(const size_t, ElementPtr) {
    throwTypeError("set(int, element) called on a non-list Element");
}
 
void
Element::add(ElementPtr) {
    throwTypeError("add() called on a non-list Element");
}
 
void
Element::remove(const int) {
    throwTypeError("remove(int) called on a non-container Element");
}
 
size_t
Element::size() const {
    throwTypeError("size() called on a non-list Element");
}
 
bool
Element::empty() const {
    throwTypeError("empty() called on a non-container Element");
}
 
ConstElementPtr
Element::get(const std::string&) const {
    throwTypeError("get(string) called on a non-map Element");
}
 
void
Element::set(const std::string&, ConstElementPtr) {
    throwTypeError("set(name, element) called on a non-map Element");
}
 
void
Element::remove(const std::string&) {
    throwTypeError("remove(string) called on a non-map Element");
}
 
bool
Element::contains(const std::string&) const {
    throwTypeError("contains(string) called on a non-map Element");
}
 
ConstElementPtr
Element::find(const std::string&) const {
    throwTypeError("find(string) called on a non-map Element");
}
 
bool
Element::find(const std::string&, ConstElementPtr&) const {
    return (false);
}
 
namespace {
inline void
throwJSONError(const std::string& error, const std::string& file, int line,
               int pos) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << error << " in " + file + ":" << line << ":" << pos;
    isc_throw(JSONError, ss.str());
}
} // end anonymous namespace
 
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Element& e) {
    return (out << e.str());
}
 
bool
operator==(const Element& a, const Element& b) {
    return (a.equals(b));
}
 
bool operator!=(const Element& a, const Element& b) {
    return (!a.equals(b));
}
 
bool
operator<(Element const& a, Element const& b) {
    if (a.getType() != b.getType()) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "cannot compare Elements of different types");
    }
    switch (a.getType()) {
    case Element::integer:
        return a.intValue() < b.intValue();
    case Element::real:
        return a.doubleValue() < b.doubleValue();
    case Element::boolean:
        return b.boolValue() || !a.boolValue();
    case Element::string:
        return std::strcmp(a.stringValue().c_str(), b.stringValue().c_str()) < 0;
    default:
        isc_throw(BadValue, "cannot compare Elements of type " << to_string(a.getType()));
    }
}
 
//
// factory functions
//
ElementPtr
Element::create(const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new NullElement(pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const long long int i, const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new IntElement(static_cast<int64_t>(i), pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const isc::util::int128_t& i, const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new BigIntElement(i, pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const int i, const Position& pos) {
    return (create(static_cast<long long int>(i), pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const long int i, const Position& pos) {
    return (create(static_cast<long long int>(i), pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const uint32_t i, const Position& pos) {
    return (create(static_cast<long long int>(i), pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const double d, const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new DoubleElement(d, pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const bool b, const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new BoolElement(b, pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const std::string& s, const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new StringElement(s, pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::create(const char *s, const Position& pos) {
    return (create(std::string(s), pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::createList(const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new ListElement(pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::createMap(const Position& pos) {
    return (ElementPtr(new MapElement(pos)));
}
 
 
//
// helper functions for fromJSON factory
//
namespace {
bool
charIn(const int c, const char* chars) {
    const size_t chars_len = std::strlen(chars);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < chars_len; ++i) {
        if (chars[i] == c) {
            return (true);
        }
    }
    return (false);
}
 
void
skipChars(std::istream& in, const char* chars, int& line, int& pos) {
    int c = in.peek();
    while (charIn(c, chars) && c != EOF) {
        if (c == '\n') {
            ++line;
            pos = 1;
        } else {
            ++pos;
        }
        in.ignore();
        c = in.peek();
    }
}
 
// skip on the input stream to one of the characters in chars
// if another character is found this function throws JSONError
// unless that character is specified in the optional may_skip
//
// It returns the found character (as an int value).
int
skipTo(std::istream& in, const std::string& file, int& line, int& pos,
       const char* chars, const char* may_skip="") {
    int c = in.get();
    ++pos;
    while (c != EOF) {
        if (c == '\n') {
            pos = 1;
            ++line;
        }
        if (charIn(c, may_skip)) {
            c = in.get();
            ++pos;
        } else if (charIn(c, chars)) {
            while (charIn(in.peek(), may_skip)) {
                if (in.peek() == '\n') {
                    pos = 1;
                    ++line;
                } else {
                    ++pos;
                }
                in.ignore();
            }
            return (c);
        } else {
            throwJSONError(std::string("'") + std::string(1, c) + "' read, one of \"" + chars + "\" expected", file, line, pos);
        }
    }
    throwJSONError(std::string("EOF read, one of \"") + chars + "\" expected", file, line, pos);
    return (c); // shouldn't reach here, but some compilers require it
}
 
// TODO: Should we check for all other official escapes here (and
// error on the rest)?
std::string
strFromStringstream(std::istream& in, const std::string& file,
                    const int line, int& pos) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    int c = in.get();
    ++pos;
    if (c == '"') {
        c = in.get();
        ++pos;
    } else {
        throwJSONError("String expected", file, line, pos);
    }
 
    while (c != EOF && c != '"') {
        if (c == '\\') {
            // see the spec for allowed escape characters
            int d;
            switch (in.peek()) {
            case '"':
                c = '"';
                break;
            case '/':
                c = '/';
                break;
            case '\\':
                c = '\\';
                break;
            case 'b':
                c = '\b';
                break;
            case 'f':
                c = '\f';
                break;
            case 'n':
                c = '\n';
                break;
            case 'r':
                c = '\r';
                break;
            case 't':
                c = '\t';
                break;
            case 'u':
                // skip first 0
                in.ignore();
                ++pos;
                c = in.peek();
                if (c != '0') {
                    throwJSONError("Unsupported unicode escape", file, line, pos);
                }
                // skip second 0
                in.ignore();
                ++pos;
                c = in.peek();
                if (c != '0') {
                    throwJSONError("Unsupported unicode escape", file, line, pos - 2);
                }
                // get first digit
                in.ignore();
                ++pos;
                d = in.peek();
                if ((d >= '0') && (d <= '9')) {
                    c = (d - '0') << 4;
                } else if ((d >= 'A') && (d <= 'F')) {
                    c = (d - 'A' + 10) << 4;
                } else if ((d >= 'a') && (d <= 'f')) {
                    c = (d - 'a' + 10) << 4;
                } else {
                    throwJSONError("Not hexadecimal in unicode escape", file, line, pos - 3);
                }
                // get second digit
                in.ignore();
                ++pos;
                d = in.peek();
                if ((d >= '0') && (d <= '9')) {
                    c |= d - '0';
                } else if ((d >= 'A') && (d <= 'F')) {
                    c |= d - 'A' + 10;
                } else if ((d >= 'a') && (d <= 'f')) {
                    c |= d - 'a' + 10;
                } else {
                    throwJSONError("Not hexadecimal in unicode escape", file, line, pos - 4);
                }
                break;
            default:
                throwJSONError("Bad escape", file, line, pos);
            }
            // drop the escaped char
            in.ignore();
            ++pos;
        }
        ss.put(c);
        c = in.get();
        ++pos;
    }
    if (c == EOF) {
        throwJSONError("Unterminated string", file, line, pos);
    }
    return (ss.str());
}
 
std::string
wordFromStringstream(std::istream& in, int& pos) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    while (isalpha(in.peek())) {
        ss << (char) in.get();
    }
    pos += ss.str().size();
    return (ss.str());
}
 
std::string
numberFromStringstream(std::istream& in, int& pos) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    while (isdigit(in.peek()) || in.peek() == '+' || in.peek() == '-' ||
           in.peek() == '.' || in.peek() == 'e' || in.peek() == 'E') {
        ss << (char) in.get();
    }
    pos += ss.str().size();
    return (ss.str());
}
 
// Should we change from IntElement and DoubleElement to NumberElement
// that can also hold an e value? (and have specific getters if the
// value is larger than an int can handle)
//
// At the moment of writing, the only way that the code flow can reach the
// int128_t cast, and not throw, is by retrieving one of the few bigint
// statistics using this method so the cast to int128_t can be removed
// as there is no deserialization of bigints required, although the only
// benefit would be better performance for error cases, so it's arguable.
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamNumber(std::istream& in, const std::string& file,
                       const int line, int& pos) {
    // Remember position where the value starts. It will be set in the
    // Position structure of the Element to be created.
    const uint32_t start_pos = pos;
    // This will move the pos to the end of the value.
    const std::string number = numberFromStringstream(in, pos);
 
    // Is it a double?
    if (number.find_first_of(".eE") < number.size()) {
        try {
            return (Element::create(boost::lexical_cast<double>(number),
                                    Element::Position(file, line, start_pos)));
        } catch (const boost::bad_lexical_cast& exception) {
            throwJSONError("Number overflow while trying to cast '" + number +
                           "' to double: " + exception.what(),
                           file, line, start_pos);
        }
    }
 
    // Is it an integer?
    // Catch leading zeros: raise an error as logging is not available.
    if (((number.size() > 1) && (number[0] == '0')) ||
        ((number.size() > 2) && (number[0] == '-') && (number[1] == '0'))) {
        throwJSONError("Illegal leading zeros in '" + number + "'",
                       file, line, start_pos);
    }
    // Catch leading plus: raise an error as logging is not available.
    if ((number.size() > 1) && (number[0] == '+')) {
        throwJSONError("Illegal leading plus in '" + number + "'",
                       file, line, start_pos);
    }
    try {
        return (Element::create(boost::lexical_cast<int64_t>(number),
                                Element::Position(file, line, start_pos)));
    } catch (const boost::bad_lexical_cast& exception64) {
        // Is it a big integer?
        try {
            return (Element::create(int128_t(number),
                                    Element::Position(file, line, start_pos)));
        } catch (overflow_error const& exception128) {
            throwJSONError("Number overflow while trying to cast '" + number +
                           "' to int64 and subsequently to int128: " +
                           exception64.what() + ", " + exception128.what(),
                           file, line, start_pos);
        }
    }
    return (ElementPtr());
}
 
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamBool(std::istream& in, const std::string& file,
                     const int line, int& pos) {
    // Remember position where the value starts. It will be set in the
    // Position structure of the Element to be created.
    const uint32_t start_pos = pos;
    // This will move the pos to the end of the value.
    const std::string word = wordFromStringstream(in, pos);
 
    if (word == "true") {
        return (Element::create(true, Element::Position(file, line,
                                                        start_pos)));
    } else if (word == "false") {
        return (Element::create(false, Element::Position(file, line,
                                                         start_pos)));
    } else {
        throwJSONError(std::string("Bad boolean value: ") + word, file,
                       line, start_pos);
    }
    return (ElementPtr());
}
 
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamNull(std::istream& in, const std::string& file,
                     const int line, int& pos) {
    // Remember position where the value starts. It will be set in the
    // Position structure of the Element to be created.
    const uint32_t start_pos = pos;
    // This will move the pos to the end of the value.
    const std::string word = wordFromStringstream(in, pos);
    if (word == "null") {
        return (Element::create(Element::Position(file, line, start_pos)));
    } else {
        throwJSONError(std::string("Bad null value: ") + word, file,
                       line, start_pos);
        return (ElementPtr());
    }
}
 
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamString(std::istream& in, const std::string& file, int& line,
                       int& pos) {
    // Remember position where the value starts. It will be set in the
    // Position structure of the Element to be created.
    const uint32_t start_pos = pos;
    // This will move the pos to the end of the value.
    const std::string string_value = strFromStringstream(in, file, line, pos);
    return (Element::create(string_value, Element::Position(file, line,
                                                            start_pos)));
}
 
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamList(std::istream& in, const std::string& file, int& line,
                     int& pos, unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(JSONError, "fromJSON elements nested too deeply");
    }
    int c = 0;
    ElementPtr list = Element::createList(Element::Position(file, line, pos));
    ElementPtr cur_list_element;
 
    skipChars(in, WHITESPACE, line, pos);
    while (c != EOF && c != ']') {
        if (in.peek() != ']') {
            cur_list_element =
                Element::fromJSON(in, file, line, pos, level - 1);
            list->add(cur_list_element);
            c = skipTo(in, file, line, pos, ",]", WHITESPACE);
        } else {
            c = in.get();
            ++pos;
        }
    }
    return (list);
}
 
ElementPtr
fromStringstreamMap(std::istream& in, const std::string& file, int& line,
                    int& pos, unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(JSONError, "fromJSON elements nested too deeply");
    }
    ElementPtr map = Element::createMap(Element::Position(file, line, pos));
    skipChars(in, WHITESPACE, line, pos);
    int c = in.peek();
    if (c == EOF) {
        throwJSONError(std::string("Unterminated map, <string> or } expected"), file, line, pos);
    } else if (c == '}') {
        // empty map, skip closing curly
        in.ignore();
    } else {
        while (c != EOF && c != '}') {
            std::string key = strFromStringstream(in, file, line, pos);
 
            skipTo(in, file, line, pos, ":", WHITESPACE);
            // skip the :
 
            ConstElementPtr value =
                Element::fromJSON(in, file, line, pos, level - 1);
            map->set(key, value);
 
            c = skipTo(in, file, line, pos, ",}", WHITESPACE);
        }
    }
    return (map);
}
} // end anonymous namespace
 
std::string
Element::typeToName(Element::types type) {
    switch (type) {
    case Element::integer:
        return (std::string("integer"));
    case Element::bigint:
        return (std::string("bigint"));
    case Element::real:
        return (std::string("real"));
    case Element::boolean:
        return (std::string("boolean"));
    case Element::string:
        return (std::string("string"));
    case Element::list:
        return (std::string("list"));
    case Element::map:
        return (std::string("map"));
    case Element::null:
        return (std::string("null"));
    case Element::any:
        return (std::string("any"));
    default:
        return (std::string("unknown"));
    }
}
 
Element::types
Element::nameToType(const std::string& type_name) {
    if (type_name == "integer") {
        return (Element::integer);
    } else if (type_name == "bigint") {
        return (Element::bigint);
    } else if (type_name == "real") {
        return (Element::real);
    } else if (type_name == "boolean") {
        return (Element::boolean);
    } else if (type_name == "string") {
        return (Element::string);
    } else if (type_name == "list") {
        return (Element::list);
    } else if (type_name == "map") {
        return (Element::map);
    } else if (type_name == "named_set") {
        return (Element::map);
    } else if (type_name == "null") {
        return (Element::null);
    } else if (type_name == "any") {
        return (Element::any);
    } else {
        isc_throw(TypeError, type_name + " is not a valid type name");
    }
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromJSON(std::istream& in, bool preproc) {
 
    int line = 1, pos = 1;
    stringstream filtered;
    if (preproc) {
        preprocess(in, filtered);
    }
 
    ElementPtr value = fromJSON(preproc ? filtered : in, "<istream>", line, pos);
 
    return (value);
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromJSON(std::istream& in, const std::string& file_name, bool preproc) {
    int line = 1, pos = 1;
    stringstream filtered;
    if (preproc) {
        preprocess(in, filtered);
    }
    return (fromJSON(preproc ? filtered : in, file_name, line, pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromJSON(std::istream& in, const std::string& file, int& line,
                  int& pos, unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(JSONError, "fromJSON elements nested too deeply");
    }
    int c = 0;
    ElementPtr element;
    bool el_read = false;
    skipChars(in, WHITESPACE, line, pos);
    while (c != EOF && !el_read) {
        c = in.get();
        pos++;
        switch(c) {
            case '1':
            case '2':
            case '3':
            case '4':
            case '5':
            case '6':
            case '7':
            case '8':
            case '9':
            case '0':
            case '-':
            case '+':
            case '.':
                in.putback(c);
                --pos;
                element = fromStringstreamNumber(in, file, line, pos);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case 't':
            case 'f':
                in.putback(c);
                --pos;
                element = fromStringstreamBool(in, file, line, pos);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case 'n':
                in.putback(c);
                --pos;
                element = fromStringstreamNull(in, file, line, pos);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case '"':
                in.putback('"');
                --pos;
                element = fromStringstreamString(in, file, line, pos);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case '[':
                element = fromStringstreamList(in, file, line, pos, level);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case '{':
                element = fromStringstreamMap(in, file, line, pos, level);
                el_read = true;
                break;
            case EOF:
                break;
            default:
                throwJSONError(std::string("error: unexpected character ") + std::string(1, c), file, line, pos);
                break;
        }
    }
    if (el_read) {
        return (element);
    } else {
        isc_throw(JSONError, "nothing read");
    }
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromJSON(const std::string& in, bool preproc) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << in;
 
    int line = 1, pos = 1;
    stringstream filtered;
    if (preproc) {
        preprocess(ss, filtered);
    }
    ElementPtr result(fromJSON(preproc ? filtered : ss, "<string>", line, pos));
    skipChars(ss, WHITESPACE, line, pos);
    // ss must now be at end
    if (ss.peek() != EOF) {
        throwJSONError("Extra data", "<string>", line, pos);
    }
    return result;
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromJSONFile(const std::string& file_name, bool preproc) {
    // zero out the errno to be safe
    errno = 0;
 
    std::ifstream infile(file_name.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
    if (!infile.is_open()) {
        const char* error = strerror(errno);
        isc_throw(InvalidOperation, "failed to read file '" << file_name
                  << "': " << error);
    }
 
    return (fromJSON(infile, file_name, preproc));
}
 
// to JSON format
 
void
IntElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    ss << intValue();
}
 
void
BigIntElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    ss << bigIntValue();
}
 
void
DoubleElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    // The default output for doubles nicely drops off trailing
    // zeros, however this produces strings without decimal points
    // for whole number values.  When reparsed this will create
    // IntElements not DoubleElements.  Rather than used a fixed
    // precision, we'll just tack on an ".0" when the decimal point
    // is missing.
    ostringstream val_ss;
    val_ss << doubleValue();
    ss << val_ss.str();
    if (val_ss.str().find_first_of('.') == string::npos) {
        ss << ".0";
    }
}
 
void
BoolElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    if (boolValue()) {
        ss << "true";
    } else {
        ss << "false";
    }
}
 
void
NullElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    ss << "null";
}
 
void
StringElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned) const {
    ss << "\"";
    const std::string& str = stringValue();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
        const signed char c = str[i];
        // Escape characters as defined in JSON spec
        // Note that we do not escape forward slash; this
        // is allowed, but not mandatory.
        switch (c) {
        case '"':
            ss << '\\' << c;
            break;
        case '\\':
            ss << '\\' << c;
            break;
        case '\b':
            ss << '\\' << 'b';
            break;
        case '\f':
            ss << '\\' << 'f';
            break;
        case '\n':
            ss << '\\' << 'n';
            break;
        case '\r':
            ss << '\\' << 'r';
            break;
        case '\t':
            ss << '\\' << 't';
            break;
        default:
            if (c < 0x20 || c == 0x7f) {
                std::ostringstream esc;
                esc << "\\u"
                    << hex
                    << setw(4)
                    << setfill('0')
                    << (static_cast<unsigned>(c) & 0xff);
                ss << esc.str();
            } else {
                ss << c;
            }
        }
    }
    ss << "\"";
}
 
void
ListElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned level) const {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "toJSON got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    ss << "[ ";
 
    const std::vector<ElementPtr>& v = listValue();
    bool first = true;
    for (auto const& it : v) {
        if (!first) {
            ss << ", ";
        } else {
            first = false;
        }
        it->toJSON(ss, level - 1);
    }
    ss << " ]";
}
 
void
MapElement::toJSON(std::ostream& ss, unsigned level) const {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "toJSON got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    ss << "{ ";
 
    bool first = true;
    for (auto const& it : m) {
        if (!first) {
            ss << ", ";
        } else {
            first = false;
        }
        ss << "\"" << it.first << "\": ";
        if (it.second) {
            it.second->toJSON(ss, level - 1);
        } else {
            ss << "None";
        }
    }
    ss << " }";
}
 
// throws when one of the types in the path (except the one
// we're looking for) is not a MapElement
// returns 0 if it could simply not be found
// should that also be an exception?
ConstElementPtr
MapElement::find(const std::string& id) const {
    const size_t sep = id.find('/');
    if (sep == std::string::npos) {
        return (get(id));
    } else {
        ConstElementPtr ce = get(id.substr(0, sep));
        if (ce) {
            // ignore trailing slash
            if  (sep + 1 != id.size()) {
                return (ce->find(id.substr(sep + 1)));
            } else {
                return (ce);
            }
        } else {
            return (ElementPtr());
        }
    }
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromWire(const std::string& s) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << s;
    int line = 0, pos = 0;
    return (fromJSON(ss, "<wire>", line, pos));
}
 
ElementPtr
Element::fromWire(std::stringstream& in, int) {
    //
    // Check protocol version
    //
    //for (int i = 0 ; i < 4 ; ++i) {
    //    const unsigned char version_byte = get_byte(in);
    //    if (PROTOCOL_VERSION[i] != version_byte) {
    //        throw DecodeError("Protocol version incorrect");
    //    }
    //}
    //length -= 4;
    int line = 0, pos = 0;
    return (fromJSON(in, "<wire>", line, pos));
}
 
void
MapElement::set(const std::string& key, ConstElementPtr value) {
    m[key] = value;
}
 
bool
MapElement::find(const std::string& id, ConstElementPtr& t) const {
    try {
        ConstElementPtr p = find(id);
        if (p) {
            t = p;
            return (true);
        }
    } catch (const TypeError&) {
        // ignore
    }
    return (false);
}
 
bool
IntElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    // Let's not be very picky with constraining the integer types to be the
    // same. Equality is sometimes checked from high-up in the Element hierarchy.
    // That is a context which, most of the time, does not have information on
    // the type of integers stored on Elements lower in the hierarchy. So it
    // would be difficult to differentiate between the integer types.
    return (other.getType() == Element::integer && i == other.intValue()) ||
           (other.getType() == Element::bigint && i == other.bigIntValue());
}
 
bool
BigIntElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    // Let's not be very picky with constraining the integer types to be the
    // same. Equality is sometimes checked from high-up in the Element hierarchy.
    // That is a context which, most of the time, does not have information on
    // the type of integers stored on Elements lower in the hierarchy. So it
    // would be difficult to differentiate between the integer types.
    return (other.getType() == Element::bigint && i_ == other.bigIntValue()) ||
           (other.getType() == Element::integer && i_ == other.intValue());
}
 
bool
DoubleElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    return (other.getType() == Element::real) &&
           (fabs(d - other.doubleValue()) < 1e-14);
}
 
bool
BoolElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    return (other.getType() == Element::boolean) &&
           (b == other.boolValue());
}
 
bool
NullElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    return (other.getType() == Element::null);
}
 
bool
StringElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned) const {
    return (other.getType() == Element::string) &&
           (s == other.stringValue());
}
 
bool
ListElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned level) const {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "equals got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (other.getType() == Element::list) {
        const size_t s = size();
        if (s != other.size()) {
            return (false);
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
            if (!get(i)->equals(*other.get(i), level - 1)) {
                return (false);
            }
        }
        return (true);
    } else {
        return (false);
    }
}
 
void
ListElement::sort(std::string const& index /* = std::string() */) {
    if (l.empty()) {
        return;
    }
 
    int const t(l.at(0)->getType());
    std::function<bool(ElementPtr, ElementPtr)> comparator;
    if (t == map) {
        if (index.empty()) {
            isc_throw(BadValue, "index required when sorting maps");
        }
        comparator = [&](ElementPtr const& a, ElementPtr const& b) {
            ConstElementPtr const& ai(a->get(index));
            ConstElementPtr const& bi(b->get(index));
            if (ai && bi) {
                return *ai < *bi;
            }
            return true;
        };
    } else if (t == list) {
        // Nested lists. Not supported.
        return;
    } else {
        // Assume scalars.
        if (!index.empty()) {
            isc_throw(BadValue, "index given when sorting scalars?");
        }
        comparator = [&](ElementPtr const& a, ElementPtr const& b) {
            return *a < *b;
        };
    }
 
    std::sort(l.begin(), l.end(), comparator);
}
 
bool
MapElement::equals(const Element& other, unsigned level) const {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "equals got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (other.getType() == Element::map) {
        if (size() != other.size()) {
            return (false);
        }
        for (auto const& kv : mapValue()) {
            auto key = kv.first;
            if (other.contains(key)) {
                if (!get(key)->equals(*other.get(key), level - 1)) {
                    return (false);
                }
            } else {
                return (false);
            }
        }
        return (true);
    } else {
        return (false);
    }
}
 
bool
isNull(ConstElementPtr p) {
    return (!p);
}
 
void
removeIdentical(ElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b) {
    if (!b) {
        return;
    }
    if (a->getType() != Element::map || b->getType() != Element::map) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "Non-map Elements passed to removeIdentical");
    }
 
    // As maps do not allow entries with multiple keys, we can either iterate
    // over a checking for identical entries in b or vice-versa.  As elements
    // are removed from a if a match is found, we choose to iterate over b to
    // avoid problems with element removal affecting the iterator.
    for (auto const& kv : b->mapValue()) {
        auto key = kv.first;
        if (a->contains(key)) {
            if (a->get(key)->equals(*b->get(key))) {
                a->remove(key);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
ConstElementPtr
removeIdentical(ConstElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b) {
    ElementPtr result = Element::createMap();
 
    if (!b) {
        return (result);
    }
 
    if (a->getType() != Element::map || b->getType() != Element::map) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "Non-map Elements passed to removeIdentical");
    }
 
    for (auto const& kv : a->mapValue()) {
        auto key = kv.first;
        if (!b->contains(key) ||
            !a->get(key)->equals(*b->get(key))) {
            result->set(key, kv.second);
        }
    }
 
    return (result);
}
 
void
merge(ElementPtr element, ConstElementPtr other) {
    if (element->getType() != Element::map ||
        other->getType() != Element::map) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "merge arguments not MapElements");
    }
 
    for (auto const& kv : other->mapValue()) {
        auto key = kv.first;
        auto value = kv.second;
        if (value && value->getType() != Element::null) {
            element->set(key, value);
        } else if (element->contains(key)) {
            element->remove(key);
        }
    }
}
 
void
mergeDiffAdd(ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other,
             HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy, std::string key, size_t idx,
             unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "mergeDiffAdd got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (element->getType() != other->getType()) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "mergeDiffAdd arguments not same type");
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::list) {
        // Store new elements in a separate container so we don't overwrite
        // options as we add them (if there are duplicates).
        ElementPtr new_elements = Element::createList();
        for (auto const& right : other->listValue()) {
            // Check if we have any description of the key in the configuration
            // hierarchy.
            auto f = hierarchy[idx].find(key);
            if (f != hierarchy[idx].end()) {
                bool found = false;
                ElementPtr mutable_right = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(right);
                for (auto const& left : element->listValue()) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_left = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(left);
                    // Check if the elements refer to the same configuration
                    // entity.
                    if (f->second.match_(mutable_left, mutable_right)) {
                        found = true;
                        mergeDiffAdd(mutable_left, mutable_right, hierarchy,
                                     key, idx, level - 1);
                    }
                }
                if (!found) {
                    new_elements->add(right);
                }
            } else {
                new_elements->add(right);
            }
        }
        // Finally add the new elements.
        for (auto const& right : new_elements->listValue()) {
            element->add(right);
        }
        return;
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::map) {
        for (auto const& kv : other->mapValue()) {
            auto current_key = kv.first;
            auto value = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(kv.second);
            if (value && value->getType() != Element::null) {
                if (element->contains(current_key) &&
                    (value->getType() == Element::map ||
                     value->getType() == Element::list)) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_element = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(element->get(current_key));
                    mergeDiffAdd(mutable_element, value, hierarchy,
                                 current_key, idx + 1, level - 1);
                } else {
                    element->set(current_key, value);
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
    element = other;
}
 
void
mergeDiffDel(ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other,
             HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy, std::string key, size_t idx,
             unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "mergeDiffDel got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (element->getType() != other->getType()) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "mergeDiffDel arguments not same type");
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::list) {
        for (auto const& value : other->listValue()) {
            ElementPtr mutable_right = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(value);
            for (uint32_t iter = 0; iter < element->listValue().size();) {
                bool removed = false;
                // Check if we have any description of the key in the
                // configuration hierarchy.
                auto f = hierarchy[idx].find(key);
                if (f != hierarchy[idx].end()) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_left = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(element->listValue().at(iter));
                    // Check if the elements refer to the same configuration
                    // entity.
                    if (f->second.match_(mutable_left, mutable_right)) {
                        // Check if the user supplied data only contains
                        // identification information, so the intent is to
                        // delete the element, not just element data.
                        if (f->second.no_data_(mutable_right)) {
                            element->remove(iter);
                            removed = true;
                        } else {
                            mergeDiffDel(mutable_left, mutable_right,
                                         hierarchy, key, idx, level - 1);
                            if (mutable_left->empty()) {
                                element->remove(iter);
                                removed = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (element->listValue().at(iter)->equals(*value)) {
                    element->remove(iter);
                    removed = true;
                }
                if (!removed) {
                    ++iter;
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::map) {
        // If the resulting element still contains data, we need to restore the
        // key parameters, so we store them here.
        ElementPtr new_elements = Element::createMap();
        for (auto const& kv : other->mapValue()) {
            auto current_key = kv.first;
            auto value = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(kv.second);
            if (value && value->getType() != Element::null) {
                if (element->contains(current_key)) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_element = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(element->get(current_key));
                    if (mutable_element->getType() == Element::map ||
                        mutable_element->getType() == Element::list) {
                        mergeDiffDel(mutable_element, value, hierarchy,
                                     current_key, idx + 1, level - 1);
                        if (mutable_element->empty()) {
                            element->remove(current_key);
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Check if we have any description of the key in the
                        // configuration hierarchy.
                        auto f = hierarchy[idx].find(key);
                        if (f != hierarchy[idx].end()) {
                            // Check if the key is used for element
                            // identification.
                            if (f->second.is_key_(current_key)) {
                                // Store the key parameter.
                                new_elements->set(current_key, mutable_element);
                            }
                        }
                        element->remove(current_key);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // If the element still contains data, restore the key elements.
        if (element->size()) {
            for (auto const& kv : new_elements->mapValue()) {
                element->set(kv.first, kv.second);
            }
        }
        return;
    }
    element = ElementPtr(new NullElement());
}
 
void
extend(const std::string& container, const std::string& extension,
       ElementPtr& element, ElementPtr& other, HierarchyDescriptor& hierarchy,
       std::string key, size_t idx, bool alter, unsigned level) {
 
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "extend got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (element->getType() != other->getType()) {
        isc_throw(TypeError, "extend arguments not same type");
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::list) {
        for (auto const& right : other->listValue()) {
            // Check if we have any description of the key in the configuration
            // hierarchy.
            auto f = hierarchy[idx].find(key);
            if (f != hierarchy[idx].end()) {
                ElementPtr mutable_right = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(right);
                for (auto const& left : element->listValue()) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_left = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(left);
                    if (container == key) {
                        alter = true;
                    }
                    if (f->second.match_(mutable_left, mutable_right)) {
                        extend(container, extension, mutable_left, mutable_right,
                               hierarchy, key, idx, alter, level - 1);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
 
    if (element->getType() == Element::map) {
        for (auto const& kv : other->mapValue()) {
            auto current_key = kv.first;
            auto value = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(kv.second);
            if (value && value->getType() != Element::null) {
                if (element->contains(current_key) &&
                    (value->getType() == Element::map ||
                     value->getType() == Element::list)) {
                    ElementPtr mutable_element = boost::const_pointer_cast<Element>(element->get(current_key));
                    if (container == key) {
                        alter = true;
                    }
                    extend(container, extension, mutable_element, value,
                           hierarchy, current_key, idx + 1, alter, level - 1);
                } else if (alter && current_key == extension) {
                    element->set(current_key, value);
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
}
 
ElementPtr
copy(ConstElementPtr from, unsigned level) {
    if (!from) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "copy got a null pointer");
    }
 
    auto pos = from->getPosition();
    int from_type = from->getType();
    if (from_type == Element::integer) {
        return (ElementPtr(new IntElement(from->intValue(), pos)));
    } else if (from_type == Element::real) {
        return (ElementPtr(new DoubleElement(from->doubleValue(), pos)));
    } else if (from_type == Element::boolean) {
        return (ElementPtr(new BoolElement(from->boolValue(), pos)));
    } else if (from_type == Element::null) {
        return (ElementPtr(new NullElement()));
    } else if (from_type == Element::string) {
        return (ElementPtr(new StringElement(from->stringValue(), pos)));
    } else if (from_type == Element::list) {
        ElementPtr result = ElementPtr(new ListElement(pos));
        for (auto const& elem : from->listValue()) {
            if (level == 0) {
                result->add(elem);
            } else {
                result->add(copy(elem, level - 1));
            }
        }
        return (result);
    } else if (from_type == Element::map) {
        ElementPtr result = ElementPtr(new MapElement(pos));
        for (auto const& kv : from->mapValue()) {
            auto key = kv.first;
            auto value = kv.second;
            if (level == 0) {
                result->set(key, value);
            } else {
                result->set(key, copy(value, level - 1));
            }
        }
        return (result);
    } else {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "copy got an element of type: " << from_type);
    }
}
 
namespace {
 
// Helper function which blocks infinite recursion
bool
isEquivalent0(ConstElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b, unsigned level) {
    // check looping forever on cycles
    if (!level) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "isEquivalent got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (!a || !b) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "isEquivalent got a null pointer");
    }
    // check types
    if (a->getType() != b->getType()) {
        return (false);
    }
    if (a->getType() == Element::list) {
        // check empty
        if (a->empty()) {
            return (b->empty());
        }
        // check size
        if (a->size() != b->size()) {
            return (false);
        }
 
        // copy b into a list
        const size_t s = a->size();
        std::list<ConstElementPtr> l;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
            l.push_back(b->get(i));
        }
 
        // iterate on a
        for (size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
            ConstElementPtr item = a->get(i);
            // lookup this item in the list
            bool found = false;
            for (auto it = l.begin(); it != l.end(); ++it) {
                // if found in the list remove it
                if (isEquivalent0(item, *it, level - 1)) {
                    found = true;
                    l.erase(it);
                    break;
                }
            }
            // if not found argument differs
            if (!found) {
                return (false);
            }
        }
 
        // sanity check: the list must be empty
        if (!l.empty()) {
            isc_throw(Unexpected, "isEquivalent internal error");
        }
        return (true);
    } else if (a->getType() == Element::map) {
        // check sizes
        if (a->size() != b->size()) {
            return (false);
        }
        // iterate on the first map
        for (auto const& kv : a->mapValue()) {
            // get the b value for the given keyword and recurse
            ConstElementPtr item = b->get(kv.first);
            if (!item || !isEquivalent0(kv.second, item, level - 1)) {
                return (false);
            }
        }
        return (true);
    } else {
        return (a->equals(*b));
    }
}
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
bool
isEquivalent(ConstElementPtr a, ConstElementPtr b) {
    return (isEquivalent0(a, b, 100));
}
 
namespace {
 
void
prettyPrint0(ConstElementPtr element, std::ostream& out,
             unsigned indent, unsigned step, unsigned level) {
    if (level == 0) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "prettyPrint got infinite recursion: "
                  "arguments include cycles");
    }
    if (!element) {
        isc_throw(BadValue, "prettyPrint got a null pointer");
    }
    if (element->getType() == Element::list) {
        // empty list case
        if (element->empty()) {
            out << "[ ]";
            return;
        }
 
        // complex ? multiline : oneline
        if (!element->get(0)) {
            isc_throw(BadValue, "prettyPrint got a null pointer");
        }
        int first_type = element->get(0)->getType();
        bool complex = false;
        if ((first_type == Element::list) || (first_type == Element::map)) {
            complex = true;
        }
        std::string separator = complex ? ",\n" : ", ";
 
        // open the list
        out << "[" << (complex ? "\n" : " ");
 
        // iterate on items
        auto const& l = element->listValue();
        bool first = true;
        for (auto const& it : l) {
            // add the separator if not the first item
            if (!first) {
                out << separator;
            } else {
                first = false;
            }
            // add indentation
            if (complex) {
                out << std::string(indent + step, ' ');
            }
            // recursive call
            prettyPrint0(it, out, indent + step, step, level - 1);
        }
 
        // close the list
        if (complex) {
            out << "\n" << std::string(indent, ' ');
        } else {
            out << " ";
        }
        out << "]";
    } else if (element->getType() == Element::map) {
        // empty map case
        if (element->size() == 0) {
            out << "{ }";
            return;
        }
 
        // open the map
        out << "{\n";
 
        // iterate on keyword: value
        auto const& m = element->mapValue();
        bool first = true;
        for (auto const& it : m) {
            // add the separator if not the first item
            if (first) {
                first = false;
            } else {
                out << ",\n";
            }
            // add indentation
            out << std::string(indent + step, ' ');
            // add keyword:
            out << "\"" << it.first << "\": ";
            // recursive call
            prettyPrint0(it.second, out, indent + step, step, level - 1);
        }
 
        // close the map
        out << "\n" << std::string(indent, ' ') << "}";
    } else {
        // not a list or a map
        element->toJSON(out);
    }
}
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
void
prettyPrint(ConstElementPtr element, std::ostream& out,
            unsigned indent, unsigned step) {
    prettyPrint0(element, out, indent, step, Element::MAX_NESTING_LEVEL);
}
 
std::string
prettyPrint(ConstElementPtr element, unsigned indent, unsigned step) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    prettyPrint(element, ss, indent, step);
    return (ss.str());
}
 
void Element::preprocess(std::istream& in, std::stringstream& out) {
 
    std::string line;
 
    while (std::getline(in, line)) {
        // If this is a comments line, replace it with empty line
        // (so the line numbers will still match
        if (!line.empty() && line[0] == '#') {
            line = "";
        }
 
        // getline() removes end line characters. Unfortunately, we need
        // it for getting the line numbers right (in case we report an
        // error.
        out << line;
        out << "\n";
    }
}
 
namespace {
 
// Type of arcs.
typedef std::set<ConstElementPtr> Arc;
 
// Helper function walking on the supposed tree.
bool
IsCircular0(ConstElementPtr element, Arc arc) {
    // Sanity check.
    if (!element) {
        return (false);
    }
    auto type = element->getType();
    // Container?
    if ((type != Element::list) && (type != Element::map)) {
        return (false);
    }
    // Empty? A cycle requires at least one element.
    if (element->empty()) {
        return (false);
    }
    // In the arc?
    if (arc.count(element) > 0) {
        return (true);
    }
    // This requires to work on a copy of the arc but it should be small.
    arc.insert(element);
    if (type == Element::list) {
        for (auto const& it : element->listValue()) {
            if (IsCircular0(it, arc)) {
                return (true);
            }
        }
        return (false);
    }
    // The argument is a map.
    for (auto const& it : element->mapValue()) {
        if (IsCircular0(it.second, arc)) {
            return (true);
        }
    }
    return (false);
}
 
} // end anonymous namespace
 
bool
IsCircular(ConstElementPtr element) {
    return (IsCircular0(element, Arc()));
}
 
unsigned
getNestDepth(ConstElementPtr element, unsigned max_depth) {
    if (max_depth == 0U) {
        return (0U);
    }
    if (!element) {
        return (0U);
    }
    unsigned ret = 1U;
    if (element->getType() == Element::list) {
        for (auto const& i : element->listValue()) {
            unsigned sub = getNestDepth(i, max_depth - 1);
            if (sub == max_depth - 1) {
                return (max_depth);
            }
            if (sub + 1 > ret) {
                ret = sub + 1;
            }
        }
    } else if (element->getType() == Element::map) {
        for (auto const& i : element->mapValue()) {
            unsigned sub = getNestDepth(i.second, max_depth - 1);
            if (sub == max_depth - 1) {
                return (max_depth);
            }
            if (sub + 1 > ret) {
                ret = sub + 1;
            }
        }
 
    }
    return (ret);
}
 
} // end of isc::data namespace
} // end of isc namespace